Spatially structured genetic diversity of the Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida L.) assessed by SSR and ISSR markers in Southern Brazil

Dioscorea trifida L. (Dioscoreaceae) is among the economically most important cultivated Amerindian yam species, whose origin and domestication are still unresolved issues. In order to estimate the genetic diversity maintained by traditional farmers in Brazil, 53 accessions of D. trifida from 11 municipalities in the states of São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Mato Grosso and Amazonas were characterized on the basis of eight Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and 16 Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers. The level of polymorphism among the accessions was high, 95 % for SSR and 75.8 % for ISSR. The SSR marker showed higher discrimination power among accessions compared to ISSR, with D parameter values of 0.79 and 0.44, respectively. Although SSR and ISSR markers led to dendrograms with different topologies, both separated the accessions into three main groups: I—Ubatuba-SP; II—Iguape-SP and Santa Catarina; and III—Mato Grosso. The accessions from Amazonas State were classified in group II with SSR and in a separate group with ISSR. Bayesian and principal coordinate analyzes conducted with both molecular markers corroborated the classification into three main groups. Higher variation was found within groups in the AMOVA analysis for both markers (66.5 and 60.6 % for ISSR and SSR, respectively), and higher Shannon diversity index was found for group II with SSR. Significant but low correlations were found between genetic and geographic distances (r = 0.08; p = 0.0007 for SSR and r = 0.16; p = 0.0002 for ISSR). Therefore, results from both markers showed a slight spatially structured genetic diversity in D. trifida accessions maintained by small traditional farmers in Brazil.     

Frequency of a FAS ligand gene variant associated with inherited feline autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome in British shorthair cats in New Zealand

Abstract

AIMS

To determine the frequency of the FAS-ligand gene (FASLG) variant associated with feline autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (FALPS) and the proportion of carriers of the variant in three British shorthair (BSH) breeding catteries in New Zealand.     

羌塘自然保护区湖泊变化及其原因分析

选取西藏羌塘自然保护区MSS、TM、ETM+数据和1[JP18]∶[JP]100 000地形图,以85° E为中心线,将研究区划分为东西两部分,解译该区域面积大于1 km2的所有湖泊。结果表明：1975-1990年,羌塘自然保护区湖泊呈退缩状态,湖泊个数由388个减少为277个,面积由6 603.3 km²减少到5 539.7 km²,面积减少达16.1%;2005年,湖泊个数比1990年增加164个,达441个,湖泊总面积9 652.2 km²,比1990年增加4 112.5 km²,增幅74.2%。在区域上,表现为东部变化幅度大于西部。同时,重点分析了研究区附近的狮泉河、改则、班戈、申扎、那曲、安多6个气象站1978-2007年的数据。结果显示：6个代表气象站年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年降水量均呈上升趋势,其中东部上升幅度较大,西部变化不明显;年蒸发量呈减少趋势。降水是影响湖泊变化最主要的因素。     

玉树州农牧业机械化发展过程中存在的问题及应对措施

玉树藏族自治州农牧业机械化稳步发展,但在当地特殊环境下,农牧业生产出现了脱轨式的裂变,农牧业机械化发展渐趋下滑态势,针对这种扭变现象,文章提出了一些探索农牧业“特色”发展的措施.     

Combined effects of termiticides and mechanical stress on chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipe

BACKGROUND: CPVC pipe failures have recently been reported beneath structures as a result of termiticide soil treatments. To determine whether these CPVC failures were actually caused by termiticides, CPVC tubes were filled with 50 mL of either termiticide concentrate, dilutions or treated builder's sand and sealed. Mechanical stress was added to these sealed tubes by hanging bricks from their ends.RESULTS: As concentrates, eight of nine emulsifiable concentrates tested caused failure within 8 weeks. None of the three suspensible concentrates tested caused failure over this period. Dilution of emulsifiable concentrates caused progressively fewer CPVC tube failures. No treated soils caused tube failures. Excessive CPVC glue applications in combination with chlorpyrifos 440 g kg(-1) EC (Dursban(trade mark) TC) degraded the CPVC. All volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in the termiticide formulations caused CPVC tube failure within 1 week as pure chemicals. The VOC 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene caused CPVC tube failure within minutes of exposure. This VOC was found in all termiticides that caused failures as concentrates.CONCLUSION: It is highly improbable that a properly conducted preconstruction soil treatment, where termiticide is completely adsorbed to the soil, would be solely responsible for CPVC pipe failure. Manufacturers should consider removing 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene from termiticide formulations to minimize the risk of CPVC pipe failure.     

旱稻渗入系拔节期根系性状QTL定位

研究稻作抗旱的根系特征及其遗传机理,在作物育种程序上改良作物根系性状,提高作物抗旱性,为水旱稻杂交选育抗旱高产品种提供理论依据。本研究利用187个SSR标记和1套具有180个家系的旱稻渗入系群体BC3F7构建遗传连锁图,采用单标记分析法,对拔节期根系的6个性状(最长根长、粗根数、总根数、平均最粗根粗、根干重、总干重)进行QTL定位。拔节期检测到QTL共56个,其中影响上述6个性状的QTL数目分别是9、10、3、12、9和13,其总贡献率分别为43%、44%、19%、70%、39%和68%。另外,在检测到的QTL中除与总根数有关的有2个来自毫格劳的等位基因降低性状值以外,其位点毫格劳的等位基因均增加性状值。92.8%的渗入位点对以沈农265为遗传背景的渗入系的根系6个性状有促进作用;定位到的影响不同根系性状的QTL多数成簇排列;在RM1261附近定位到影响3个性状的QTL,推测是一个与根系抗旱性状密切相关的基因区域。     

肃南牦牛屠宰性能和肉品质研究

为研究肃南牦牛的屠宰性能及肉品质,揭示其遗传特性,选取12头(公母各半)4岁放牧肃南牦牛进行屠宰试验和肉品质分析,并与文献中已报道的甘南牦牛、天祝白牦牛、雪多牦牛、环湖牦牛等进行了对比分析.结果显示,肃南牦牛的活重和胴体重均高于环湖牦牛和天祝白牦牛,屠宰率高于查乌拉牦牛和环湖牦牛,净肉率高于甘南牦牛和环湖牦牛,熟肉率高...     

镉在黄瓜幼苗中的化学形态及亚细胞分布

为探究黄瓜幼苗对镉的吸收累积特性,将黄瓜幼苗置于6种镉浓度梯度(0、10、50、100、200、300μmol·L~(-1))营养液中培养17 d,测定黄瓜幼苗地上部和根部的镉含量以及镉在叶片的亚细胞分布和其化学形态分布。结果表明:随镉浓度升高,转移系数逐渐降低,黄瓜由根向地上部对镉的转运能力减弱。时间或浓度处理均会显著增加黄瓜叶片各亚细胞组分镉含量,镉的富集比例趋势表现为可溶性部分细胞壁细胞器,其中可溶性部分镉含量占44.88%～84.94%,远大于细胞器(3.10%～17.05%)与细胞壁(11.20%～39.66%)。相同时间下,随镉处理浓度的增加,镉在细胞壁组分占比先升高后降低,可溶性部分镉的占比先降低后升高。同时随着处理时间延长,细胞壁组分镉占比降低,可溶性部分镉占比升高。黄瓜叶片中NaCl提取态镉占比最高(33.69%～54.23%),但随着镉浓度提高,乙醇提取态、H2O提取态镉占比升高。当镉浓度达到300μmol·L~(-1)时,黄瓜叶片中的镉形态以乙醇提取态、H2O提取态和NaCl提取态占优势。总的来看,在器官水平上,黄瓜通过限制镉由根部向地上部传递的方式,降低镉对黄瓜地上部的毒害;亚细胞水平上,细胞壁对镉的吸持和液泡区室化是黄瓜对镉胁迫下的重要解毒方式,其中以液泡的区室化占主导位置;在化学形态分布上,镉的化学形态转化也是黄瓜应对镉胁迫的重要耐性策略。