Holocene history of cedar and native Indian cultures of the north american pacific coast

A comparison of paleobotanical records with archeological and ethnographic evidence from the Pacific Northwest shows a strong correlation between the expansion of Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) in coastal forests between 5000 and 2500 years ago and the evolution of a massive woodworking technology by native cultures. This suggests that an important component of cultural development was environmentally constrained until large cedar trees, the basic resource for canoe-building and plank-house construction, had become available in late Holocene time.     

Extraction and analysis of organic cations from Acid solution with strong electric fields and mass spectrometry

High electric fields have been used to extract organic cations from solutions of small organic molecules in polyphosphoric acid. The cations have been analyzed by mass spectrometry. Production of ions by this method is shown to be related to ease of protonation by acid rather than to ionization potential.     

Effect of different patterns of food restriction from different ages on growth and efficiency of broilers

1. The effect of restricted feeding on performance and carcass characteristics of broilers was determined in three experiments.

2. In the first experiment, removal of food for 8 h/d from 42 to 56 d of age significantly improved food conversion efficiency of broilers on deep litter. Removal of food for 16 h/d or on alternate days tended to cause slower growth and also improved conversion efficiency.

3. In the second experiment, denial of food for 8 h/d did not significantly affect either growth rate or conversion efficiency of caged broilers. Denial of food on alternate days, from 28 d of age, depressed food intake and growth rate. Food restriction decreased dressing percentage regardless of the age of introduction. With 32, 40 or 48 h food denial each 72 h there was a large depression in growth rate and dressing percentage. Carcass dry matter was also less, indicating less carcass fat, when food was denied for 48 h each 72 h.

4. In the third experiment, growth rate of broilers on deep litter was significantly improved by denying food for 8 h/d from 28 d of age, and was significantly depressed by food denial on alternate days. This depression was significantly more severe if restriction started at 28 d rather than at 42 d of age. Conversion efficiency was not significantly improved by denial for 8 h/d.

5. In the last two experiments conversion efficiency was much worse in severe restriction.     

Lymphocyte transformation test in the calf]

Studies into the effects of the environment on health and performance of agricultural animals are of clear-cut relevance to farming practice. The theoretical and practical importance of lymphocyte transformation to any assessment of immunological reactivity under defined environmental conditions, therefore, is reported in this paper. Communicated is methodical experience obtained from isolation of lymphocytes from peripheral blood of calves, lymphocyte culturing, and morphological evaluation of lymphocyte transformation. Views are given on the suitability of the lymphocyte transformation test. The following results have been obtained: Centrifugation of defibrinated blood, using "Visotrast-370", is recommended for lymphocyte isolation. Morphological evaluation will ensure a high degree of precision when 1 x 10(6) cells in one millilitre culturing fluid are to be cultured over three days, the culturing fluid consisting of 20 per cent of autologous serum and 80 per cent of Eagle medium, antibiotics, and a portion of 1-vol.% of phytohaemagglutinin (Wellcome). The lymphocyte transformation test, for its methodical accuracy, is good enough to detect and identify environmental effects on immunological reactivity of calf. It is likely to reflect the immunological response to an antigen application.