放牧对草地生态系统温室气体的影响

放牧主要通过影响草地生态系统中土壤的理化性质(土壤含水率、孔隙度、微生物和有机物含量的构成)来影响整个生态系统温室气体的排放。草地生态系统土壤中,植物根系的呼吸作用、土壤微生物的活动以及各种物理、化学和生物作用为温室气体的主要来源。本文在阐述草地生态系统温室气体排放机制和作用的基础上,主要从放牧管理模式、放牧强度、放牧动物等放牧作用对草地生态系统温室气体的排放情况进行了综述,就今后放牧对草地生态温室气体的研究重点和方向进行了展望,总结了适合不同放牧条件下整个生态系统温室气体的减排措施。     

玛曲高寒草甸放牧强度的遥感监测

为给玛曲县高寒草甸草-畜平衡和草地资源的可持续利用提供科学依据,本研究利用遥感技术,结合2016年地面实测数据和同时期的MODIS影像资料,分别建立了研究区草地地上生物量和植被指数(NDVI)、相对放牧强度间的回归模型以及不同相对放牧强度和NDVI值之间的幂回归模型。结果表明,6-9月调查点NDVI和地上生物量间存在较好的相关性,即随着NDVI值的增加生物量呈上升趋势,且9月份的拟合(R2=0.510 2)达到了极显著水平;实测地上生物量和相对放牧强度之间有很好的拟合关系(R2=0.965 1),随着放牧强度的增加地上生物量呈下降趋势;相对放牧强度和植被指数间相关性较好(R2=0.631),即随着NDVI值的变小,相对放牧强度逐渐增强,当相对放牧强度增强到一定程度时,NDVI对其响应不灵敏。     

高寒牧区两个燕麦品种的产量与品质比较

在我国青藏高原高寒牧区,栽培草地种植主要以燕麦(Avena sativa)为主,但当地现有的品种产草量较低,缺乏高产优质的燕麦品种。为了进一步提高高寒牧区燕麦产量和品质,满足当地的生产需要,于2013-2016年期间从青海省引进燕麦新品种"林纳"在碌曲县进行试验种植,并和当地现有品种"陇燕1号"的农艺性状及营养价值进行比较研究。结果表明,"林纳"燕麦生育期短,成熟快;其鲜、干草产量显著高于当地现有燕麦品种"陇燕1号"(P0.05),分别增产41%和38%。"林纳"粗蛋白(CP)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)含量较高,但差异不显著(P0.05);而粗脂肪(EE)含量显著高于当地品种(P0.05);酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)低于当地品种,其中,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量差异显著(P0.05)。总之,"林纳"燕麦的生产力和营养品质均优于当地品种,具有良好的应用前景,可作为该地区乃至整个高寒牧区的优质燕麦品种推广种植。     

Isolation and Characterization of Efficient Active Compounds Using High-Performance Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) from Anti-Inflammatory Activity Fraction of Ecklonia maxima in South Africa

Ecklonia maxima is a brown seaweed, which is abundantly distributed in South Africa. This study investigated an efficient approach using high-performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC), which has been successfully developed for the isolation and purification of phlorotannins, eckmaxol, and dieckol from the ethyl acetate fraction of E. maxima (EEM). We evaluated EEM for its inhibitory effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in zebrafish embryos. The separation of eckmaxol and dieckol from samples of EEM using HPCPC was found to be of high purity and yield under an optimal solvent system composed of n-hexane:ethyl acetate:methanol:water (2:7:3:7, v/v/v/v). To evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of EEM containing active compounds, zebrafish embryos exposed to LPS were compared with and without EEM treatment for nitric oxide (NO) production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cell death two days after fertilization. These evaluations indicate that EEM alleviated inflammation by inhibiting cell death, ROS, and NO generation induced by LPS treatment. According to these results, eckmaxol and dieckol isolated from brown seaweed E. maxima could be considered effective anti-inflammatory agents as pharmaceutical and functional food ingredients.     

温度影响下斑潜蝇种间竞争取代的分子机制研究进展

斑潜蝇是一类为害园艺蔬菜作物的世界性害虫,也是我国重要的外来有害生物。斑潜蝇种类繁多,不断向世界各地入侵扩散,在其扩散过程中种间竞争取代频繁。斑潜蝇种间竞争取代机制复杂,影响种间竞争取代的因子很多,其中温度是影响斑潜蝇种间竞争取代的重要因子。该文首先以温度影响下斑潜蝇种间竞争生态学机制为切入点,分别从关键胁迫耐受性基因——热激蛋白(heat shock protein,Hsp)基因的表达、Hsp基因非编码区的特征和转录组比较分析3个层面对近缘斑潜蝇竞争取代分子机制进行总结与探讨,并从胁迫耐受性基因类型、分子生物学研究方法及种间竞争其他因子等方面对斑潜蝇种间竞争取代未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses hemin-aggravated colon carcinogenesis through Nrf2-inhibited mitochondrial reactive oxygen species accumulation

BackgroundPrevious studies have presented evidence to support the significant association between red meat intake and colon cancer, suggesting that heme iron plays a key role in colon carcinogenesis. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major constituent of green tea, exhibits anti-oxidative and anti-cancer effects. However, the effect of EGCG on red meat-associated colon carcinogenesis is not well understood.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of hemin and EGCG on colon carcinogenesis and the underlying mechanism of action.MethodsHemin and EGCG were treated in Caco2 cells to perform the water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 assay, lactate dehydrogenase release assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection assay, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot. We investigated the regulatory effects of hemin and EGCG on an azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colon carcinogenesis mouse model.ResultsIn Caco2 cells, hemin increased cell proliferation and the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, and ROS levels. EGCG suppressed hemin-induced cell proliferation and cell cycle regulatory protein expression as well as mitochondrial ROS accumulation. Hemin increased nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression, but decreased Keap1 expression. EGCG enhanced hemin-induced Nrf2 and antioxidant gene expression. Nrf2 inhibitor reversed EGCG reduced cell proliferation and cell cycle regulatory protein expression. In AOM/DSS mice, hemin treatment induced hyperplastic changes in colon tissues, inhibited by EGCG supplementation. EGCG reduced the hemin-induced numbers of total aberrant crypts and malondialdehyde concentration in the AOM/DSS model.ConclusionsWe demonstrated that EGCG reduced hemin-induced proliferation and colon carcinogenesis through Nrf2-inhibited mitochondrial ROS accumulation.     

Epidemiological investigation of equine hindlimb ataxia with Setaria digitata in South Korea

BackgroundSince 2013, the number of requests for diagnosis for horses based on neurological symptoms has increased rapidly in South Korea. The affected horses have commonly exhibited symptoms of acute seasonal hindlimb ataxia. A previous study from 2015–2016 identified Setaria digitata as the causative agent.ObjectivesThis study is an epidemiological investigation to find out risk factors related to the rapid increase in hindlimb ataxia of horses due to aberrant parasites in South Korea.MethodsAn epidemiological investigation was conducted on 155 cohabiting horses in 41 horse ranches where the disease occurred. The surrounding environment was investigated at the disease-causing horse ranches (n = 41) and 20, randomly selected, non-infected ranches.ResultsHindlimb ataxia was confirmed in nine cohabiting horses; this was presumed to be caused by ectopic parasitism. Environments that mosquitoes inhabit, such as paddy fields within 2 km and less than 0.5 km from a river, had the greatest association with disease occurrence.ConclusionsMost horse ranches in South Korea are situated in favorable environments for mosquitoes. Moreover, the number of mosquitoes in the country has increased since 2013 due to climate change. Additional research is required; however, these data show that it is necessary to establish guidelines for the use of anthelmintic agents based on local factors in South Korea and disinfection of the environment to prevent disease outbreaks.     

Isolation of Scalimides A–L: β-Alanine-Bearing Scalarane Analogs from the Marine Sponge Spongia sp.

A chemical investigation of a methanol extract of Spongia sp., a marine sponge collected from the Philippines, identified 12 unreported scalarane-type alkaloids—scalimides A–L (1–12)—together with two previously described scalarin derivatives. The elucidation of the structure of the scalaranes based on the interpretation of their NMR and HRMS data revealed that 1–12 featured a β-alanine-substituted E-ring but differed from each other through variations in their oxidation states and substitutions occurring at C16, C24, and C25. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of 1–12 against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria showed that 10 and 11 were active against Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, with MIC values ranging from 4 to 16 μg/mL.     

几种药剂防治白萝卜蚜虫、烟粉虱试验效果

为探索防治白萝卜蚜虫、烟粉虱安全高效的药剂,减少农药用量,降低残留,使生产的白萝卜符合出口国要求,我们选择了几种药剂防治白萝卜蚜虫、烟粉虱的药剂,进行了田间试验。试验表明,在蚜虫、烟粉虱混合发生初期,用10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂15g/667m2,其药后5d、7d对蚜虫校正防效达到97.8%、95.8%;用1%除虫菊素-苦参碱微囊悬浮剂75mL/667m2,其药后5d、7d对烟粉虱校正防效达到73.9%、78.2%,在生产上应每隔7d用药1次,连用2次。以上2种药剂对白萝卜安全且有较好的防治效果。     

浅析高校图书馆编目业务外包工作的动因及实施策略

分别论述了高校图书馆编目业务外包的原因、图书馆编目外包中存在的问题,及解决策略。