太阳能驱动喷灌机组行走动力和光伏功率匹配设计与试验

为明晰太阳能驱动喷灌机组动力匹配设计理论和方法,促进太阳能喷灌机组推广应用,解决能源短缺地区的灌溉动力问题.文章以课题组研发的太阳能驱动喷灌机组为平台,通过对机组工作方式和行走驱动理论进行分析,构建了一种太阳能驱动喷灌机组动力需求与光伏功率匹配设计方法.通过试验对机组行走驱动需求功率计算理论进行了验证,并以夏季典型晴天下机组累积最大工作时长和设计日标准工作时间为标准,分别从纵向和横向上对机组日工作能力和光伏系统供电性能进行了分析.结果表明:喷灌机组行走驱动功率实测值与理论计算值基本吻合,最大相对误差为7.3％,进一步验证了行走驱动功率理论计算的可靠性;夏季典型晴天下,机组累积最大工作时间随机组喷灌功率和运行速度减小而变长,以试验当天为例,当机组以最大设计流量、最大运行速度处于最大负荷工况下时,最大工作时间接近20 h,表明机组工作能力较强;以机组设计日8h工作时间为准,在2016年7月进行了为期一个月的光伏供电监测,从横向上对系统供电能力进行分析,结果显示在为期一个月的检测过程中系统总缺电时数8.75 h,占系统总供电时长的3.5％,表明光伏供电系统可靠性较高.该研究为实现太阳能与农业机械相结合、太阳能喷灌机组驱动系统方案设计与优化,促进太阳能驱动喷灌机组在实际工程中的推广应用,解决能源短缺地区灌溉动力问题提供了参考.     

The Effect of the Plant Age and Growth Period on the Nutritional Substance,Chlorophyll and Steviol Glycoside Rates in Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) Leaves

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a perennial and subshrub herb of the Asteraceae family, which originates from South America. Stevia has long been used as a sweetener and herbal medicine throughout the world. The most important feature of stevia is its sweetness with zero calories. This natural feature of Stevia is of utmost importance to everyone, especially those with diabetes and those who diet. In this study, samples were taken from Stevia rebaudiana plants of different ages (2, 3 and 4 years) in different growth periods (H1: 1 July, H2: 1 August, H3: 1 September and H4: 1 October) and an evaluation was made on the nutritional content values, the chlorophyll and sugar rates found in these samples according to the age and growth period of the plant. It was determined that the age of the plant and the harvesting period had an effect on the macro-micro nutritional elements, and chlorophyll and steviol glycoside rates contained in the stevia plant. In addition, as a result of correlation analysis, significant correlations were determined between the parameters measured in the plant. The results of the study demonstrated that in the cultivation of stevia, the best values were obtained from plants that were 3 years old and harvested in July.     

平移式喷灌机行走阻力的确定及验证

行走阻力对平移式喷灌机的动力配置具有重要影响,为了确定不同土壤条件下喷灌机的行走阻力,为机组提供合理的动力配置依据。针对黄绵土和塿土2种土壤类型,以土壤含水率和容重为因素,选取表征机组行走阻力的5个土壤力学参数即土壤黏聚变形模数、摩擦变形模数、沉陷指数、黏聚力和内摩擦角为指标,采用二元二次通用旋转组合试验设计,通过平板沉陷试验与直接剪切试验,建立了2种土壤类型含水率、容重与5个参数间的回归模型,从而得出喷灌机所需行走阻力,并以此为依据对喷灌机行走驱动系统进行配置和田间行走试验。结果表明,含水率、容重和二者交互作用对2种土壤的5个参数均有显著影响(P0.05);随着含水率和容重增加,黄绵土黏聚变形模数呈减小趋势而塿土呈先增大后减小趋势,且2种土壤的摩擦变形模数均减小,沉陷指数均呈先减小后增大趋势,黏聚力与内摩擦角均增大。采用上述方法进行的驱动系统配置满足喷灌机动力需求,由5个参数的回归模型所得驱动功率计算值与田间试验功率实测值最大相对误差分别为6.43%、7.73%,模型合理。研究可为平移式喷灌机动力配置提供依据。     

Note: Tachinid parasitoids of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ancyrosoma leucogrammes</Emphasis> and notes on parasitization rates of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Clytiomya dupuisi</Emphasis>

The study deals with the tachinid parasitoids ofAncyrosoma leucogrammes (Gmelin) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae):Clytiomya dupuisi Kugler,Clytiomya sola (Rondani) andGymnosoma clavatum (Rohdendorf) (Diptera: Tachinidae). All species are recorded for the first time as parasitoids ofA. leucogrammes, andC. dupuisi was reared for the first time from a host. The parasitization rates ofC. dupuisi on adults ofA. leucogrammes varied from 7% to 9% between 1994 and 1999.C. sola andG. clavatum were reared in only small numbers. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 10, 2003.     

The toxic effects of pyrethroid deltamethrin on the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) embryos and larvae

Deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide contaminating aquatic ecosystems as a pollutant, was investigated in the present study for toxic effects on embryos and larvae of common carp, Cyprinus carpio as a model. The control and five test experiments were repeated five times. The water temperature in the experimental units was kept at 24 ± 1 °C. The number of dead embryos significantly increased in response to deltamethrin concentrations 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, 5, 25, and 50 μg L⁻¹ (p<0.05 for each cases). Dose-response decreases in hatching success were recorded as 75.2, 64.6, 47.4, 26.0, 14.4, and 9.0%, respectively. The lowest concentration of deltamethrin (0.005 μg L⁻¹) produced a significantly decrease in number of dead larvae compared to control group (p<0.05). With increasing deltamethrin concentrations, the larvae exposed duration 1-48 h significantly increased the number of dead larvae (p<0.05 for each cases). The 48 h LC₅₀ values (with 95% confidence limits) of deltamethrin for common carp embryos and larvae were estimated as 0.213 (0.103-0.404) and 0.074 (0.011-0.260) μg L⁻¹, respectively. The results provide evidence that deltamethrin pollution may have an adverse effect on the reproduction and development of carp, which should be considered when this chemical is used in agricultural areas near aquatic ecosystems.     

雄性毛白杨离体叶片再生及抗虫基因转化

用雄性毛白杨（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓｔｏｍｅｎｔｏｓａ）试管植株无菌叶片作外植体，筛选出诱导不定芽分化、增殖和生根培养基。在组培室的光照条件下培养３７ｄ，平均每片叶产生２５个不定芽。已建立雄性毛白杨最佳转化和再生系统。用含有完全改造的Ｂｔ抗虫基因表达载体ｐＢ４８．７和部分改造的Ｂｔ抗虫基因表达载体ｐＢ４８．６转化雄性毛白杨，经在含有卡那霉素的培养基上选择和ＰＣＲ检测，已获得初步确定的转基因植株。     

Antioxidative role of selenium against the toxic effect of heavy metals (Cd<Superscript>+2</Superscript>, Cr<Superscript>+3</Superscript>) on liver of rainbow trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis> Walbaum 1792)

The main purpose of this study is to discuss the effect of Cd⁺², Cr⁺³ and Se metals on biochemical parameters in liver tissue of Oncorhynchus mykiss. The rainbow trout were exposed to heavy metal stress (Cd⁺², Cr⁺³) at 2 ppm dosage. The present study was undertaken to determine the protective effect of selenium treatment at the same dosage (2 ppm) on some biochemical parameters. The activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the changes in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) from biochemical parameters were determined in liver tissue of the fish groups exposed to heavy metals, especially for the selenium-applied groups. Results of this study showed that the activities of CAT, GSH-Px and SOD in the tissues of fish exposed to the stress of Cd⁺² and Cr⁺³ were significantly lower than the control groups (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the closer values to the control groups were obtained in selenium-added groups (Cr⁺³ + Se⁺⁴, Cd⁺² + Se⁺⁴). For the level of MDA, the last production of lipid peroxidation showed increases (P < 0.05) in the groups exposed to the metal stress, whereas significant decreases were obtained in selenium-applied groups. The result of the statistical evaluation showed that the negative effects occurring in the biochemical parameters of the applied groups exposed to the toxicity of heavy metal were significantly eliminated (P < 0.05) as a result of selenium treatment.     

Fatty acid metabolism in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): effects of n-6 PUFA and MUFA in fish oil replaced diets

Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)-rich and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6 PUFA)-rich vegetable oils are increasingly used as fish oil replacers for aquafeed formulation. The present study investigated the fatty acid metabolism in juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, 38.4 g) fed diets containing fish oil (FO, as the control treatment) or two different vegetable oils (the MUFA-rich canola/rapeseed oil, CO; and the n-6 PUFA-rich cottonseed oil, CSO) tested individually or as a 50/50 blend (CO/CSO). The whole-body fatty acid balance method was used to deduce the apparent in vivo fatty acid metabolism. No effect on growth performance and feed utilization was recorded. However, it should be noted that the fish meal content of the experimental diets was relatively high, and thus the requirement for n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA) may have likely been fulfilled even if dietary fish oil was fully replaced by vegetable oils. Overall, relatively little apparent in vivo fatty acid bioconversion was recorded, whilst the apparent in vivo β-oxidation of dietary fatty acid was largely affected by the dietary lipid source, with higher rate of β-oxidation for those fatty acids which were provided in dietary surplus. The deposition of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, as % of the dietary intake, was greatest for the fish fed on the CSO diet. It has been shown that European sea bass seems to be able to efficiently use n-6 PUFA for energy substrate, and this may help in minimizing the β-oxidation of the health benefiting n-3 LC-PUFA and thus increase their deposition into fish tissues.     

基于GPS的太阳能平移式喷灌机自主导航系统设计与试验

为实现节能、节水,提高灌溉和土地利用效率,在对太阳能技术、节水灌溉技术、全球定位系统（global positioning system,GPS）导航技术等进行研究的基础上,研制一种基于 GPS 导航的太阳能驱动平移式喷灌机,并在此基础上设计开发导航控制系统。整个机组以太阳能光伏组件和蓄电池为电源,直流电动机作为动力,采用四轮差速转向。以喷灌机横向偏差和航向偏差作为控制输入变量,直流电机脉冲调制（pulse width modulation,PWM）转速调节电压增量作为输出变量,构建基于线性比例控制的导航控制器,实现了对喷灌机两侧车轮转速的调节控制。导航控制系统以32位先进精简指令集机器（advanced RISC machine,ARM）微控制器 STM32F103芯片为核心,集成导航控制器、转速操纵控制器、GPS、电子罗盘和转速传感器,采用控制器局域网（controller area network,CAN）总线结构进行通讯,实现喷灌机的自主导航控制。路径跟踪试验结果表明：喷灌机自动导航控制系统能基本满足喷灌作业要求,并能较好地实现路线跟踪,在以0.4、0.8 m/min 速度行驶30 m 过程中直线跟踪最大横向偏差不超过20 cm,系统可靠性较高。研究可为实现农业机械与太阳能技术相结合提供参考,对类似自走式喷灌机的发展提供依据。     

Cotton yields under different furrow irrigation management techniques in the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) area,Turkey

The continuous flow furrow irrigation (COFFI), surge flow furrow irrigation (SUFFI), cutback flow furrow irrigation (CUFFI), variable alternate flow furrow irrigation (VAFFI), and tail water reuse system furrow (TWRSF) techniques with the same inflow rate of 0.072 m³ min⁻¹ were compared in relation to the cotton yield and water use efficiency at a 3-year field study conducted on cotton (Gossypium spp.) in the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) area of Turkey. Yields revealed significant statistical differences between the furrow management techniques (P < 0.05). The maximum yield was obtained from the COFFI treatment (2,630 and 2,920 kg ha⁻¹) in the first 2 years, and from SUFFI and CUFFI treatments (3,690 and 3,780 kg ha⁻¹, respectively) in the last year. There were significant yield reductions, which varied from 10 to 35% in TWRSF and from 11 to 19% in VAFFI treatments although 43 and 28% more water was applied to the TWRSF than to CUFFI and SUFFI treatments, respectively. The average total water use efficiencies (WUE_ET) varied from 4.14 (VAFFI) to 2.59 (COFFI). The corresponding values were 0.37 and 0.36 kg ha⁻¹ m⁻³ for CUFFI and SUFFI, respectively. The average irrigation water use efficiency (WUE_IR) for CUFFI and SUFFI treatments were 0.30 and 0.23 kg ha⁻¹ m⁻³, respectively.