Standortbedingte Unterschiede bei bestäubungsökologischen Merkmalen von Wintergersten (Hordeum vulgare L. s. 1.)

Zusammenfassung In Karnobat (VR Bulgarien) und Gatersleben (DDR) wurden mit 20 Wintergerstensippen parallel dreijährige Versuche durchgeführt, um standortbedingte Unterschiede bei bestäubungsökologischen Merkmalen zu erfassen. Folgende Merkmale wurden geprüft: Antherenejektion, Antherenlänge, Antherenbreite, Stigmataspreizung, Stigmatahöhe und Stigmatafläche.Unter den klimatischen Bedingungen Karnobats neigt die Gerste mehr zur Allogamie, und die Voraussetzungen für eine Hybridsaatgutproduktion sind günstig. In Gatersleben zeigen die Gersten eine Tendenz zur Autogamie, so daß hier mit der Sortimentserhaltung weniger Probleme verbunden sind. Die Unterschiede zwischen beiden Anbauorten werden besonders auf die Lufttemperatur und die photoperiodischen Verhältnisse zurückgeführt.

---

Environmental influences on characters of pollination ecology in winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L. s. l.)

Summary In Karnobat (Bulgaria) and Gatersleben (GDR) an experiment was conducted during three years (1974–1976) to demonstrate environmental influences on characters of pollination ecology in barley. The following characters were studied: anther extrusion, anther length, anther width, stigma width, stigma height and stigmatic surface area. Under the climatic conditions of Karnobat barley tends to open flowering and that's why there are good possibilities for hybrid seed production. In Gatersleben barley shows a stronger tendency to autogamy. Less problems are connected here with the maintaining of large collections. Differences between the two localities are attributed to air temperature and photoperiodic conditions mainly.

---

(Hordeum vulgare L. s. l.),

( ) ( ) 3 20 . : , , . — . — , . , , .

     

Die in den Jahren 1980, 1981 und 1982 in Süditalien gesammelten Getreide-Landsorten — botanische Ergebnisse

Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen des Abkommens zwischen der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR und dem Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Italiens wurden in den Jahren 1980, 1981 und 1982 in Süditalien Expeditionen zur Sammlung pflanzlicher genetischer Ressourcen durchgeführt. An den Expeditionen beteiligten sich Mitarbeiter des Instituto del Germoplasma, Bari, und der Genbank des Zentralinstituts für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben. Die vorliegende Auswertung bezieht sich auf 248 Sammelmuster von Getreiden und ihnen verwandten Wildsippen. Sie wurden vermehrt und die Populationen in ihre morphologischen Bestandteile aufgetrennt. Daraus ergaben sich 525 Linien. Das genetisch sehr variable Sammel-material steht für Züchtungsprogramme zur Verfügung.

---

Cereal land-races collected in South Italy in 1980, 1981 and 1982 — botanical results

Summary Within the frame of the agreement between the Academy of Sciences of the GDR and the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche of Italy missions have been carried out in South Italy in 1980, 1981 and 1982 for the collection of plant genetic resources. Staff members of the Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, and of the gene bank of the Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, were participating in these missions. The present evaluation includes 248 samples of cereals and their wild relatives. They have been multiplied and the populations have been separated into morphologically distinguishable types. The number of strains received during this separation is 525. The genetically very variable collecting material can be used in breeding programmes.

---

, 1980, 1981 1982 . —

1980, 1981 1982 . ¶rt; , . ¶rt; () (). 248 , , . . 525 . .

     

Additional notes to the cheklist of cuban cultivated plants (1)

Summary New information is presented for the checklistof Cuban cultivated plants (Esquivel et al. 1989). 79 new species were included. For another 50 species new items are indicated.

---

Ergänzende Notizen zur Liste der kubanischen Kulturpflanzen (1)

Zusammenfassung Neue Informationen zur Liste der kubanischen Kulturpflanzen (Esquivel et al. 1989) werden gegeben. 79 Arten wurden neu aufgenommen. Für weitere 50 Arten werden ergänzende Angaben gebracht.

---

(I)

(Esquivel et al. 1989). 79 . 50 .

     

Fragen der Eignung des Pollens der Kulturgerste (Hordeum vulgare L. s. l.) für die Windbestäubung

Zusammenfassung Bei der Kulturgerste ist es durch den Übergang von der Allogamie zur Autogamie im Verlaufe der Evolution bzw. Domestikation zu einer Reduktion von Anemophiliemerkmalen gekommen. Im Vergleich mit anderen Gramineen können für den Pollen noch eine günstige Größe und gute Flugfähigkeit gefunden werden. Seine Empfindlichkeit gegen die verschiedenen Umweltbedingungen ist aber so groß, daß er in der Luft keine längeren Strecken ohne den Verlust seiner Keimfähigkeit überwinden kann. Die geringe Dauer der Lebensfähigkeit des Pollens trägt in erheblichem Maße zur Verminderung der Möglichkeiten für Fremdbefruchtung bei der autogamen Gerste bei.

---

Problems of the suitability of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. s. l.) pollen for anemophily

Summary In barley a reduction of characters of anemophily can be observed because of the transition from allogamy to autogamy in the course of evolution and domestication respectively. In relation to other Gramineae advantageous size (table 1, fig. 1) and ability of long-distance dissemination (tables 2,3 and 4) of pollen can be found. But the sensitivity of the pollen to various environmental conditions is so strong that a dispersal through the air over long distances is impossible for the pollen grains without loosing their viability. The short duration of pollen-viability is responsible for the reduction of possibilities for cross pollination in autogamous barley to a considerable rate.

---

(Hordeum vulgare L. s.l.)

, , . . , . .

---

---

Herrn Prof. Dr. Drs. h. c.Hans Stubbe zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Investigation of some characteristics of polyhydroxy milkweed triglycerides and their acylated derivatives in relation to lubricity

Most industrial lubricants are derived from nonrenewable petroleum-based sources. As useful as these lubricants are, their unintended consequences are the pollution of the Earth's environment as a result of the slow degradation of the spent materials. Native seed oils, on the other hand, are renewable and are also biodegradable in the environment, but these oils often suffer a drawback in having lower thermal stability and a shorter shelf life because of the intrinsic -C═C- unsaturation in their structures. This drawback can be overcome, yet the inherent biodegradative property retained, by appropriate derivatization of the oil. Pursuant to this, this study investigated derivatized polyhydroxy milkweed oil to assess its suitability as lubricant. The milkweed plant is a member of the Asclepiadaceae, a family with many genera including the common milkweeds, Asclepias syriaca L., Asclepias speciosa L., Asclepias tuberosa L., etc. The seeds of these species contain mainly C-18 triglycerides that are highly unsaturated, 92%. The olefinic character of this oil has been chemically modified by generating polyhydroxy triglycerides (HMWO) that show high viscosity and excellent moisturizing characteristics. In this work, HMWO have been chemically modified by esterifying their hydroxyl groups with acyl groups of various chain lengths (C2-C5). The results of investigation into the effect of the acyl derivatives' chemical structure on kinematic and dynamic viscosity, oxidation stability, cold-flow (pour point, cloud point) properties, coefficient of friction, wear, and elastohydrodynamic film thickness are discussed.     

Preparation of acetonides from soybean oil, methyl soyate, and fatty esters

This paper describes the preparation of a new type of branched vegetable oil and its methyl ester that involves the formation of acetonides. A facile and environmentally friendly synthesis has been found to produce acetonides that entails the use of ferric chloride as a catalyst and is conducted at room temperature. The products have been fully characterized with the help of model compounds, including elemental analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).     

Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Aa protoxin and protease inhibitors against coleopteran storage pests

BACKGROUND: Environmental impacts and resistance to insecticides pose serious challenges to stored‐product insect and other types of pest control. Insect‐resistant transgenic grain is a potential alternative to fumigants, but candidate control proteins are needed, especially for coleopterans. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of a coleopteran‐active toxin, Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Aa, with or without protease inhibitors, in laboratory feeding assays against coleopteran storage pests. RESULTS: In a comparison of the toxicity of Cry3Aa protoxin towards three species of coleopteran storage pests, Tenebrio molitor L. was found to be most sensitive, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) was most refractory and Rhyzopertha dominica F. displayed an intermediate response. For R. dominica, Cry3Aa combined with 3500 mg potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor or 5000 mg aprotinin kg^?1 diet resulted in both delayed development and increased mortality. Potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor and bovine aprotinin reduced the LC₅₀ of Cry3Aa for R. dominica two‐ and threefold respectively. Cry3Aa treatment resulted in fewer progeny from R. dominica, and progeny was further reduced when the protoxin was combined with potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the hypothesis that a combination of Cry3Aa protoxin and protease inhibitors, particularly a potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor, may have applications in control strategies for preventing damage to stored products and grains by coleopteran pests. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Intermittent positive pressure ventilation with constant positive end-expiratory pressure and alveolar recruitment manoeuvre during inhalation anaesthesia in horses undergoing surgery for colic, and its influence on the early recovery period

Objective To compare, ventilation using intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) with constant positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) and alveolar recruitment manoeuvres (RM) to classical IPPV without PEEP on gas exchange during anaesthesia and early recovery. Study design Prospective randomized study. Animals Twenty‐four warm‐blood horses, weight mean 548 ± SD 49 kg undergoing surgery for colic. Methods Premedication, induction and maintenance (isoflurane in oxygen) were identical in all horses. Group C (n = 12) was ventilated using conventional IPPV, inspiratory pressure (PIP) 35–45 cmH₂O; group RM (n = 12) using similar IPPV with constant PEEP (10 cmH₂O) and intermittent RMs (three consecutive breaths PIP 60, 80 then 60 cmH₂O, held for 10–12 seconds). RMs were applied as required to maintain arterial oxygen tension (PaO₂) at >400 mmHg (53.3 kPa). Physiological parameters were recorded intraoperatively. Arterial blood gases were measured intra‐ and postoperatively. Recovery times and quality of recovery were measured or scored. Results Statistically significant findings were that horses in group RM had an overall higher PaO₂ (432 ± 101 mmHg) than those in group C (187 ± 112 mmHg) at all time points including during the early recovery period. Recovery time to standing position was significantly shorter in group RM (49.6 ± 20.7 minutes) than group C (70.7 ± 24.9). Other measured parameters did not differ significantly. The median (range) of number of RMs required to maintain PaO₂ above 400 mmHg per anaesthetic was 3 (1–8). Conclusion Ventilation using IPPV with constant PEEP and RM improved arterial oxygenation lasting into the early recovery period in conjunction with faster recovery of similar quality. However this ventilation mode was not able to open up the lung completely and to keep it open without repeated recruitment. Clinical relevance This mode of ventilation may provide a clinically practicable method of improving oxygenation in anaesthetized horses.     

Evaluation of carbon dioxide anaesthesia for the castration of male suckling piglets by stress hormone concentrations, behaviour and clinical factors

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of an anaesthesia using 70% carbon dioxide and 30% oxygen on endocrine stress reaction, behaviour and clinical parameters of male suckling piglets during castration. One hundred and seventy one male piglets, three to five days of age, were allocated to two experiments. They were assigned either to the procedures control handling, control castration, handling under anaesthesia or castration under anaesthesia in each experiment. In Experiment 1, adrenaline and noradrenaline plasma concentrations were measured in blood samples taken before (-15 min) and after (immediately, 2 min) handling/castration. In Experiment 2, behavioural observations and clinical parameters such as heart and respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, reflexes and recovery time were assessed at several sampling times. Measurement of adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations revealed an increase in all groups after handling/castration (p < 0.0167), but higher concentrations were seen in the anaesthetized groups (25 to 93 times) than in control groups (two to four times). The excessive endocrine reaction suggests that carbon dioxide inhalation causes a more stressful situation in piglets compared to castration without anaesthesia. Behavioural abnormalities, significant decreases in the heart rate, the respiratory rate and the oxygen saturation (p < or = 0.001) including a cardiac arrhythmia (extrasystoles) underline the impression that CO2 inhalation anaesthesia negatively affects animal welfare. Based on the results of this study, this anaesthetic method is unsuitable to reduce stress induced by castration. Further research on alternatives is necessary to ensure the well-being of the piglets during castration.