猪日粮中的蛋白质含量既要满足需要又要避免过量

满足猪对必需氨基酸的需要量而不向其饲喂过量的蛋白质,不但经济,而且在营养上更有益处,并且利于环境的保护. 猪日粮需要添加蛋白质,仅仅是因为它可以为猪提供所需要的氨基酸.然而,在日粮所含的全部氨基酸中,只有可消化氨基酸对动物具有生物学价值.     

Vergleichende untersuchungen zum umweltverträglichen und energieeffizienten anbau von energiepflanzen

Auf sandigem Boden wurden 10 für die Verbrennung geeignete Energiepflanzenarten über einen Zeitraum von 6 Jahren unter praxisnahen Bedingungen angebaut und dabei Ertrag, Energiegewinn und umweltrelevante Stoffe in Pflanze und Boden bestimmt. Die Düngung erfolgte in 4 Varianten von 0 bis 150 kg N/ha und mit Holz‐ und Strohasche. Auf Pflanzenschutzmittel wurde gänzlich verzichtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß mit Ausnahme von Topinamburkraut und Gehölzen mit Untersaat die Erträge im Bereích von 8,5 bis 11,8 t_TM/ha liegen und eine Verringung der Stickstoffgabe von 150 auf 75 kg N/ha nur geringfügige Ertragseinbußen zur Folge hat. Ohne Düngung fallen die Erträge nach 6 Jahren um 20 bis 40% ab, ausgenommen Pappel (ohne Untersaat), die mit 8,9 t_TM/ha ähnlich hohe Erträge wie mit Düngung erreicht. Die Gehalte der emissions‐ und feuerungstechnisch relevanten Pflanzennährstoffe, wie Stickstoff, Kalium, Schwefel und Chlor, sind bei Pappel und Weide deutlich geringer als bei Knaulgras, Roggen, Triticale und Hanf. Eine Stickstoffgabe von 150 kg N/ha bewirkt eine absolute Zunahme des Stickstoffgehaltes der Pflanzen um 0,1 bis 0,3%. Durch Düngemittel und energiebedingte Immissionen eingetragene Schwermetalle, wie Kadmium, Blei, Kupfer und Zink, werden in unterschiedlichem Maße absorbiert. Die Gehölze nehmen verstärkt Kadmium und Getreide verstärkt Kupfer auf. Hohe Energieerträge werden mit Hanf, Pappel und Winterroggen erzielt. Auch bei reduzierter Stickstoffdüngung und mit Pappel selbst bei Nulldüngung werden Nettoenergiegewinne von über 3.200 Liter Öläquivalent pro Hektar und Jahr erreicht.     

Impact of river regulation and hydropeaking on the growth,condition and field metabolism of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) is an important fish species in Ontario, Canada, supporting recreational fisheries that contribute significantly to local economies. Hydroelectric dams disrupt the river continuum, altering downstream conditions and impacting riverine fish populations. Specifically, Brook Trout activity has been found to increase during hydropeaking periods, when dam operators rapidly increase river discharge to meet electricity demands. Higher energetic outputs driven by hydropeaking may decrease the energy available to allocate towards fish growth and condition, negatively impacting Brook Trout. We investigated the impact of two different hydropeaking regimes on resident Brook Trout populations downstream from a 15‐MW dam used for hydropeaking, compared to a population in a nearby naturally flowing river. Length‐at‐age as determined by otolith back‐calculations was higher in the regulated river relative to the naturally flowing river. Muscle tissue caloric content and weight–length relationships did not differ between rivers. Field metabolism, as inferred from fish otolith δ¹³C values, was higher in the regulated river relative to the naturally flowing river and was significantly positively related to time spent hydropeaking. Higher metabolic outputs in the regulated river were likely offset by an increased food supply, allowing for higher Brook Trout length‐at‐age. The opposing and complicated impacts of river regulation on Brook Trout highlight the need for studies to consider multiple indicators of fish health when characterising the response of fish populations to river regulation.     

A review of pre-appointment medications to reduce fear and anxiety in dogs and cats at veterinary visits

This review focuses on pre-appointment medications used to decrease fear and anxiety in dogs and cats related to veterinary visits. A review of the literature revealed data on 4 medications from 4 medication classes that have been used to ameliorate acute situational fear and anxiety in dogs and cats: gabapentin, trazodone, oral transmucosal dexmedetomidine, and alprazolam. The available information on use, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics is reviewed.     

Chronic toxicity of ivermectin to the benthic invertebrates <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chironomus riparius</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lumbriculus variegatus</Emphasis>

Purpose  

Previous studies have shown that ivermectin, a widely used parasiticide, is very toxic to many non-target invertebrate species. In view of the strong binding of ivermectin to sediments and the scarcity of data on chronic toxicity to freshwater sediment invertebrates, chronic effects of the parasiticide on the midge Chironomus riparius and the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus were investigated.     

PI4P and PI(4,5)P2 are essential but independent lipid determinants of membrane identity

The quantitatively minor phospholipid phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P(2)] fulfills many cellular functions in the plasma membrane (PM), whereas its synthetic precursor, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), has no assigned PM roles apart from PI(4,5)P(2) synthesis. We used a combination of pharmacological and chemical genetic approaches to probe the function of PM PI4P, most of which was not required for the synthesis or functions of PI(4,5)P(2). However, depletion of both lipids was required to prevent PM targeting of proteins that interact with acidic lipids or activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 cation channel. Therefore, PI4P contributes to the pool of polyanionic lipids that define plasma membrane identity and to some functions previously attributed specifically to PI(4,5)P(2), which may be fulfilled by a more general polyanionic lipid requirement.     

Consequences of resource limitation for recovery from repeated defoliation in Eucalyptus globulus Labilladière

Recovery following defoliation can be modified by co-occurring site resource limitations. The growth response of young Eucalyptus globulus saplings to two defoliation events was examined in an experimental plantation with combinations of low (-) or high (+) water (W) and nitrogen (N) resources. Artificial defoliation was applied at 3 and 9 months of age to remove ~40 and 55% of leaf area in the upper crown, respectively. At 18 months of age, height, stem diameter and leaf area were not significantly different between control and defoliated saplings, across all resource treatments. However, stem volume, bark volume and branch number were significantly increased in defoliated saplings, including a significant interaction with resource treatment. Total above-ground biomass of saplings in response to defoliation was significantly higher (almost double) than controls for the low water (N?+?W-) treatment only. Significantly increased foliar starch content (and a trend for increased soluble sugars) in the upper crown zone was found in the defoliated saplings of the N?+?W- treatment compared with the upper zone of control saplings. Foliar total non-structural carbohydrates were significantly correlated to stem biomass regardless of resource treatment or defoliation, and we suggest that foliar resources are most important for stem growth in E. globulus rather than stored carbon (C) from other tissues. After repeated defoliation and several months recovery, E. globulus saplings were generally not C limited in this study.     

Determination of enrofloxacin stability and in vitro efficacy against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in four ear cleaner solutions over a 28 day period

Chemical stability and in vitro bactericidal efficacy of 0.9% enrofloxacin‐compounded solutions were evaluated following storage at room temperature for 28 days. Chemical stability of enrofloxacin was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in five compounded solutions, including sterile water. Bactericidal efficacy was determined by spiral plating serial 10‐fold dilutions of bacteria and solutions followed by colony counts. Tris–EDTA [TrizEDTA^® (TE)], Tris–EDTA and 0.15% chlorhexidine [TrizChlor^® (TC)], 2.5% lactic acid, 0.1% salicylic acid and 0.1% parachlorometaxylenol [Epi‐Otic (EO)], and 0.1% free salicylic acid, 0.1% parachlorometaxylenol and 0.5% EDTA [Epi‐Otic Advanced (EA)] were used. High‐performance liquid chromatography was carried out with one‐step liquid/liquid extraction to detect and quantify enrofloxacin stability. Mean recoveries for compounded samples run in triplicate at 28 days were 97.7% (TE), 99.9% (TC), 98.1% (EO) and 97.8% (EA). Kruskal–Wallis analysis showed no significant difference in the percentage recovery (H = 0.0539, df = 3, P = 0.9967). American Type Culture Collection strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to evaluate in vitro efficacy following 30 min incubation on days 0, 14 and 28. Consistent in vitro bactericidal efficacy of all compounded solutions, indicated by killing >2.3 × 10⁷ colony‐forming units/mL, was seen; however, bactericidal efficacy decreased for compounded TC on day 14. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more sensitive to the ear cleaners and enrofloxacin than S. pseudintermedius. The HPLC and in vitro data suggest that 0.9% enrofloxacin compounded with sterile water, TE, EO and EA maintains chemical stability and bactericidal efficacy for 28 days.