我国长三角与珠三角地区2014年肉鸡卫生状况调查

为掌握我国长三角和珠三角地区肉鸡养殖卫生状况,调研组联合江苏、安徽等5省（市）相关兽医技术支撑部门开展了肉鸡卫生状况调查。调查发现：两地78.6%的出栏肉鸡来自“公司+农户”或公司;72.9%的养殖场户采取全进全出方式饲养,且不同类型养殖场户饲养方式存在明显差别;10个生物安全防护措施指标平均得分56.2,生物防护安全水平随着规模化程度的提高而上升;H5亚型禽流感、新城疫和传染性法氏囊的场户免疫率超过95%;2%的场户以丢弃、出售或饲喂其他动物的方式处理病死禽。5省（市）肉鸡生长周期内的平均死淘率为7.23%（95%CI：4.24%~11.49%）;平均每只肉鸡防疫投入0.99元,其中疫苗和兽药费用占比大于88%。调查结果显示,长三角和珠三角地区进一步提升动物疫病防控水平,需要逐步淘汰防疫条件较差的养殖场户,减少活禽调运,杜绝随意丢弃或出售病死禽类的现象。     

Effects of different group B streptococci strains on platelet activation

AIM: To explore the ability of different group B streptococci (GBS) strains on inducing platelet activation. METHODS: Six strains of GBS, separated from the septic patients with thrombocytopenia, were used as the inducers. Light transmission aggregometry was used to measure platelet aggregation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to investigate the interaction of platelets with bacteria. The expression of platelet CD62P, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 was determined by flow cytometry and Western blotting. Furthermore, the activity of platelet TLR2 (or TLR4) was blocked by anti-TLR2 (or anti-TLR4) monoclonal antibody, and the platelet aggregation induced by GBS was detected. RESULTS: Only 3 of 6 GBS strains isolated from the septic patients induced platelet aggregation and up-regulated the expression of CD62P and TLR2 in the platelets (P < 0.05), but not TLR4. Incubation with anti-TLR2 antibody, but not anti-TLR4 antibody, significantly blocked platelet aggregation induced by GBS.CONCLUSION: Some GBS strains from the patients are able to trigger platelet activation in vitro, and platelet TLR2 may play an important role in the interaction between GBS and platelets.     

Evaluation of four portable blood glucose meters in diabetic and non-diabetic dogs and cats

Background: Monitoring of an animal's blood glucose concentration is critical for diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. Over the past few decades, portable blood glucose meters (PBGMs) have been used to monitor blood glucose concentrations in animals. Recently, new and improved PBGMs have been made available on the market.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate four PBGMs for use in dogs and cats.

Animals and methods: A total of 155 venous blood samples of dogs and 85 venous blood samples of cats were tested using four PBGMs. Control solutions from manufacturers were used to determine the precision of each meter. The coefficient of variation was calculated to determine precision during a set of replicates. Pearson's correlation analysis, Passing–Bablok regression, and Bland–Altman analysis were used to determine the accuracy of four PBGMs against the hexokinase reference method. Error grid analysis was used to evaluate clinical relevance.

Results: All PBGMs, except CERA-PET®, were clinically acceptable for monitoring blood glucose concentrations; AlphaTrak® and VetMate® appeared to be the most accurate ones, demonstrating that to use PBGMs for glucose monitoring, it is important to understand the strengths or limitations of each meter. The difference in results between the PBGMs and the reference method increased at high glucose concentration ranges, which were also affected by the hematocrit.

Conclusions: Although readings of the PBGMs and the reference method varied across glycemic ranges (low, normal, and high glucose concentrations), most PBGMs were clinically acceptable for monitoring blood glucose concentrations in dogs and cats.     

青海省利用马铃薯抗晚疫病品种问题的商榷

青海省是我国马铃薯的重要产区之一。晚疫病在本省容易发病的地区最近十年中流行了五次(1954、1955、1958、1959、1961年)平均每两年流行一次,一般减产在20％左右。但也有经常不流行的地区可以被利用为免疫品种繁育的基地。 1.晚疫病在青海不同地区的流行规律: 晚疫病的流行与否,完全决定于当年的气候条件。由于青海省地形复杂,各地的发病条件也不一致。根据影响晚疫病流行的两大主要气候因素——相对湿度和温度,大致可以分为三类地区: 第一类地区为温度能经常满足病害流行要求。如东部农业区的川水和部分浅山地区(海拔     

Development of multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays for detecting enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and their application to field isolates from piglets with diarrhea.

Fimbriae and enterotoxins are major virulence factors associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). In this study, 3 sets of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assays targeting fimbriae, enterotoxins, and other adherence factors were developed for detecting ETEC. A total number of 188 E. coli field isolates were examined, and percentages of E. coli strains carrying each virulence factors were as follows: F4 (7.45%), F5 (29.79%), F6 (6.38%), F18 (15.43%), F41 (3.72%), STa (10.11%), STb (20.74%), LT (9.57%), Stx2e (2.13%), EAST1 (42.02%), F1 (67.55%), AIDA-I (2.66%), and pAA (7.45%). Of the 188 E. coli field isolates examined, 25.53% were found to be pathogenic ETEC, having both fimbriae and enterotoxins. However, the ratio increased to 44.68% when the presence of other adhesins was considered as criteria for virulence. Among the adherence factors, F1 was found to be the most prevalent. AIDA-I and pAA were also found with similar ratio as compared with other virulence factors. In addition, virulence patterns carrying these alternate adhesive genes with enterotoxins were detected with significant ratio. Therefore, it is desirable that alternate adhesins be considered as markers for diagnosis of ETEC.     

Effect of dietary energy on digestibilities,rumen fermentation,urinary purine derivatives and serum metabolites in Tibetan and small‐tailed Han sheep

Tibetan sheep are indigenous to the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, graze the grassland all year round without supplementation and are well‐adapted to the harsh conditions. Small‐tailed Han sheep were introduced to the plateau and are raised mainly in feedlots. Based on their different backgrounds, we hypothesized that the ability to cope with poor diets would be better in Tibetan than in Han sheep. To test our prediction, we examined the effect of dietary energy on apparent digestibilities, rumen fermentation, urinary purine derivatives and serum metabolites by using a 4 × 4 Latin square design in each sheep breed. Four diets were formulated to be low in crude protein (~7%) but to differ in metabolizable energy concentration. Average daily gain was greater in Tibetan than in Han sheep (p < 0.01) and increased linearly with an increase in energy intake (p < 0.001). The digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, and neutral and acid detergent fibres were greater in Tibetan than in Han sheep (p < 0.05). Ruminal pH was lower (p < 0.05), while volatile fatty acids (VFAs), urea‐N, ammonia‐N and soluble protein‐N concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in Tibetan than in Han sheep. As a molar proportion of total VFA, acetate decreased (p < 0.001) with an increase in dietary energy whereas propionate and butyrate increased (p < 0.05). Urinary purine derivative excretion was greater in Tibetan than in Han sheep (p < 0.01), as was microbial nitrogen production; both parameters increased with dietary energy (p < 0.01). Serum concentrations of glucose, insulin and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 increased (p < 0.05) as energy level increased, while non‐esterified fatty acids and growth hormone decreased (p < 0.05). It was concluded that Tibetan sheep were better able to cope with low‐protein, low‐energy diets and, consequently, our prediction was supported.     

猪瘟病毒Erns蛋白在杆状病毒系统中的表达及纯化

采用杆状病毒表达系统表达并纯化猪瘟病毒E^rns蛋白,并对其反应原性进行鉴定。将猪瘟病毒的E^rns 基因克隆至pFastbac-HT-A 载体上,构建了pFA-E^rns重组质粒;经转座、转染后构建重组杆状病毒rBac-E^rns;通过优化接毒时间和接毒量等参数,最终确定表达条件。将表达产物采用亲和层析法纯化后,采用Western Blotting 鉴定E^rns 蛋白的反应性,并采用间接ELISA 方法对其应用进行了初步探索。结果显示,获得了重组杆状病毒rBac-E^rns,经Western Blotting 和间接免疫荧光(IFA)鉴定,该重组病毒能够与猪瘟阳性血清和E^rns 单抗发生特异性反应。纯化后的E^rns 蛋白纯度较好,浓度为0. 2 mg/ mL,经Western Blotting 方法鉴定证明,纯化后的蛋白与E^rns单抗和猪瘟阳性血清能够发生特异性反应;初步建立了间接ELISA 方法检测猪瘟抗体,证明表达的蛋白可以区分猪瘟阳性血清和阴性血清。表明本研究利用杆状病毒表达系统成功表达并纯化了猪瘟病毒E^rns蛋白,纯化后的E^rns蛋白具有良好的反应性,可以作为开发鉴别诊断试剂的备选蛋白以及用于E^rns 蛋白的结构和生物学功能研究。     

The effect of dietary high energy density and carbohydrate energy ratio on digestive enzymes activity,nutrient digestibility,amino acid utilization and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets

This study evaluated the effect of high or low digestible energy ratio of carbohydrate in a high or normal dietary energy density on performance, amino acid utilization and intestinal functions of weaned piglets. A total of 32 healthy weaners (9.60 ± 0.13 kg) were allocated to two dietary energy densities (3,400 and 3,800 kcal/kg) and two digestible energy ratio of carbohydrate to fat (9:1 and 3:1) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. There were eight piglets per treatment. The feed intake of piglets was significantly increased by dietary high carbohydrate ratio (9:1) (p < 0.01); however, this did not result in improved body weight gain (p > 0.05). The piglets fed high carbohydrate energy ratio had a reduced villus height/crypt depth (VH/CD) ratio in the duodenum (p < 0.05), and dietary high energy density further decreased the VH/CD ratio in the ileum (p < 0.01). In the duodenum, the lymphocyte count was increased by dietary high energy density (p < 0.05), while dietary energy density and carbohydrate energy ratio interacted to increase lymphocyte count in the ileum (p < 0.05). The serum cholesterol, triglyceride and low‐density lipoprotein were not significantly affected (p > 0.05), but dietary energy density interacted with dietary energy ratio to increase high‐density lipoprotein concentration (p < 0.05) in piglets fed reduced carbohydrate energy ratio. Dietary high energy density reduced energy digestibility (p < 0.05), whereas high carbohydrate energy ratio increased crude protein digestibility in the piglets (p < 0.05). The intestinal sucrase, lactase activities and serum concentrations of histidine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, alanine, glycine, tyrosine and citrulline were higher in the piglets fed dietary increased carbohydrate energy ratio. Oxidative stress markers and volatile fatty acids concentrations were altered by the dietary treatments. It was concluded that dietary high energy density could be detrimental to piglets intestinal functions and that increased carbohydrate energy ratio could affect amino acid utilization and body weight gain in weaner pigs.     

番茄新品种东农712的选育

东农712是以01HN43为母本,以01HN37为父本配制而成的中晚熟番茄一代杂种,生育期117 d（天）左右,高抗番茄花叶病毒（ToMV）、叶霉病、枯萎病和黄萎病。果实高圆形,单果质量240~300 g,果实粉红色,果面光滑圆整,成熟果硬度0.49 kg·cm^-2,耐贮运;丰产性好,每667 m²产量6 500~8 500 kg,适合全国各地保护地和露地栽培。     

Skeletal unit construction of rat mandible based on the masticatory muscle anatomy and double microcomputed tomography

This study aimed to divide the mandible into skeletal units based on three‐dimensional (3D) muscular anatomy with microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) of Sprague–Dawley rat. Five normal rats were micro‐CT scanned at 12 weeks of age before and after contrast enhancements for the masticatory muscles. Three‐dimensional reconstruction of the mandible was performed from the initial micro‐CT images, followed by segmentation of the masticatory muscles using the second enhanced micro‐CT data. Bone and muscle models were superimposed based on the teeth and bony structures to evaluate muscular orientation and attachment. The mandible was divided into skeletal units using the bony structures and muscle attachments. The mandibular foramen and mental foramen were adopted as the reference points based on their anatomical and developmental significance. The skeletal units consisted of the condylar, coronoid, angular, body and symphyseal units. Further evaluation of these units in relation to development, growth, and other biology and medicine will be helpful in elucidating their biological identities.