羊胎盘转移因子注射液体液免疫调节作用的研究

[目的]通过研究羊胎盘转移因子注射液对实验动物免疫球蛋白、B淋巴细胞和抗体形成细胞数量变化的影响,探讨受试药品对实验动物体液免疫的调节作用,进而评估其临床体液免疫调节的使用价值。[方法]试验1:用小白鼠进行免疫球蛋白测定试验,比较给药前后小白鼠血清免疫球蛋白的变化;试验2:用大白兔进行EAC玫瑰花环试验,测定给药前后B淋巴细胞数量的变化;试验3:用小白鼠进行溶血空斑试验,比较试验组和对照组抗体形成细胞数的变化。[结果]试验1:试验组小白鼠血清免疫球蛋白含量显著提高(P<0.05);试验2:试验组受试动物EAC玫瑰花环的成环细胞数显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验3:试验组小白鼠抗体生成细胞的数量极显著增加(P<0.01)。[结论]羊胎盘转移因子注射液对受试动物体液免疫有显著调节作用。     

基于执业兽医资格考试制度的《兽医内科学》教学改革与实践探讨

基于执业兽医资格考试制度,吉林农业大学动物科技学院在《兽医内科学》教学中,加强师资队伍建设,调整培养计划,优化教学内容,创新教学方法,加强理论和实验教学,优化实践教学模式,建立合理的考核方式,全面提升办学水平和人才培养质量,推动课程教学改革,为社会发展培养合格人才。     

2017—2019年山西省小反刍兽疫血清学和病原学监测

为掌握山西省小反刍兽疫免疫状况及其流行情况,推动实施小反刍兽疫消灭计划,2017—2019年在全省11个地市,采用配额抽样方法,采集种羊场、商品代羊场、羊散养户共4 038份血清学样品和8 397份病原学样品,通过竞争ELISA、荧光定量PCR方法分别进行免疫抗体和病毒核酸检测。结果显示：2017—2019年全省小反刍兽疫免疫抗体个体合格率分别为83.51%、81.62%、84.15%,场群合格率分别为84.91%、81.20%、76.25%,呈下降趋势;病原学个体阳性率分别为0、0.08%、0.15%,群体阳性率分别为0、1.63%、1.25%,呈上升趋势。商品代羊场个体合格率为82.25%,低于种羊场（100%）和羊散养户（84.55%）,且有病原阳性检出（0.09%）。10个地市的场群合格率均在70%以上,但有2个地市刚达标准线,1个地市仅为60.00%,3个地市检出病原学阳性。结果表明,山西省小反刍兽疫整体防控效果较好,但有下滑趋势,且商品代羊场存在一定的病毒感染,部分地区免疫效果不佳,因而存在疫情发生风险。在目前暂不具备退出强制免疫的条件下,仍需加强免疫、监测和调运监管,力争尽快实现消灭小反刍兽疫的目标。     

金莲花产量抽样调查的样地最小面积与形状研究

抽样调查是植物资源调查的一种重要方法,样地的面积与形状是抽样调查的基础,影响着调查的效率与精度。为确定野生金莲花产量抽样调查的最适样地面积与形状,设计了边长或半径逐步增大的正方形、长方形、圆形3种样地,选择了Generalized Mitscherlich方程、Richard方程与Logistic方程拟合变异系数－面积的变化趋势。提出了以变异系数的变化率与调查费用最小为判据,确定样地最小面积的2种方法,并对不同形状的样地进行比较以确定适合的样地形状。结果表明,3种变异系数－面积曲线的拟合效果均较好,相关指数均达到0.94以上,但以Logistic方程最为稳定。以变化率确定的最小面积,同一样地形状表现为Richard方程＞Logistic方程＞Generalized Mitscherlich方程;采用同一个回归方程,样地最小面积表现为圆形＞正方形＞长方形,正方形与长方形较为接近。基于最小费用研究表明,同一样地形状采用不同回归方程所得最小费用相近,但最小面积各不相同;对于同一回归方程,样地最小面积同样表现为圆形＞正方形＞长方形,正方形与长方形相近的趋势。最后,综合确定正方形样地的最小样地面积为36 m²(6 m×6 m),长方形为32 m²(8 m×4 m),圆形为78.5 m²(半径5 m)。不同形状的样地,从所能达到的最小变异系数、相同面积与精度时的调查费用与不同回归模型反映的稳定性来说,长方形样地最好,正方形次之,但二者相差不大,圆形最差。     

生物安全三级实验室生物安全风险点的识别与控制?

BSL-3实验室须经国家生物安全认可和严格的实验活动审批才能开展相应活动,是国家(地区)开展高致病性病原微生物实验活动的重要技术支撑平台。实验室生物安全风险点易发生在样本及菌毒种的接收、传递和保存,动物实验,污水以及固体废弃物处理等环节,而实验室的意外事件(电力故障、火灾、积水等)与生物安保漏洞也会造成重大的生物安全事故。提示应准确地识别风险并通过人员日常监管、标准操作规程、两级屏障设施和个人防护装备等系列措施对生物安全风险点予以严格控制。     

枯草芽孢杆菌铜对先天性缺铜大鼠生长发育、器官指数、铜沉积量、血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌铜对先天性缺铜大鼠生长发育、器官指数、铜沉积量、血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响。试验分为模型期和干预试验期。模型期选取怀孕10 d的SD大鼠72只,平均分为模型组和对照组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只。模型组大鼠孕期饲喂缺铜饲粮(铜含量为0.33 mg/kg),对照组大鼠孕期饲喂正常饲粮(在缺铜饲粮基础上添加6.0 mg/kg五水硫酸铜),持续到哺乳期结束,验证建模是否成功。干预试验期选择24日建模成功的缺铜幼龄大鼠108只,随机分成6个试验组,Ⅰ～Ⅲ组为硫酸铜组(缺铜饲粮基础上分别添加3.0、6.0和9.0 mg/kg五水硫酸铜),Ⅳ～Ⅵ组为枯草芽孢杆菌铜组(缺铜饲粮基础上分别添加3.0、6.0和9.0 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌铜),每个组3个重复,每个重复6只。试验期35 d。结果表明:1)在铜添加量相同条件下,Ⅳ组体重和血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著或极显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ⅳ组血清谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶(AST/ALT)显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。Ⅴ组血清铜蓝蛋白(CP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著或极显高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ⅴ组血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。Ⅵ组血清AKP活性和肾脏中铜沉积量显著或极显高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。2)在硫酸铜组中,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组体重、体长显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ组血清CP活性显著或极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ⅲ组血清AKP活性显著高于Ⅱ组(P <0.05),Ⅲ组血清谷草转氨酶(AST)、GSH-Px和铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)活性及肾脏中铜沉积量显著或极显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ⅲ组血清M DA含量极显著低于Ⅰ组(P <0.01)。在枯草芽孢杆菌铜组中,Ⅵ组体重、体长,血清AST、GSH-Px和CuZn-SOD活性,心脏、肝脏、肾脏中铜沉积量显著或极显著高于Ⅳ组(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ⅵ组血清CP和AKP活性显著或极显著高于Ⅳ、Ⅴ组(P <0.05或P <0.01)。由此可见,枯草芽孢杆菌铜能提高先天性缺铜大鼠体重,血清CP、AKP、ALT活性,提高机体抗氧化能力,增加肝脏、肾脏中铜沉积量,效果优于硫酸铜,且降低了饲粮中铜添加量。     

Effects of stocking density on oxidative stress status and mammary gland permeability in early lactating dairy cows

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density (SD) on oxidative stress status and mammary gland permeability in early lactating dairy cows. Thirty‐two dairy cows were allocated into 16 blocks, basing on parity, previous milk yield, and body weight, and were then randomly assigned into one of the two treatments as follows: 75% (75SD) and 100% (100SD) SD. The cows were fed with same diet throughout the 8‐week experimental period. The milk yield and milk sample were collected on two consecutive days during the 8‐week experimental period weekly. Plasma samples were collected on fourth and eighth experimental weeks. Raw, energy‐corrected, and 4% fat‐corrected milk yield were significantly higher in 75SD‐cows than that of 100SD‐animals, respectively. The milk somatic cell count was lower in 75SD‐cows than that of 100SD‐animals. The levels of Na⁺, Na⁺/K⁺, bovine serum albumin and plasmin were lower in 75SD‐cows than those of 100SD‐cattle, respectively. The 75SD‐cows had reduced insulin and insulin/glucagon levels but higher prolactin and growth hormone concentrations, compared with those of 100SD‐animals, respectively. In conclusion, compared with low SD‐animals, early lactating cows with higher SD had higher oxidative stress status, which further led to a greater mammary gland permeability.     

蜂胶对细菌脂多糖刺激下奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎症相关基因mRNA转录水平和紧密连接蛋白的影响

本试验旨在研究中国蜂胶乙醇提取物（ethanol extract of Chinese propolis,EECP）对细菌脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）刺激下体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎症相关基因mRNA转录水平和紧密连接渗透性的影响。EECP中总酚酸和总黄酮含量测定采用福林酚法和硝酸铝法,并建立LPS诱导奶牛乳腺上皮细胞（bovine mammary epithelial cells,MAC-T）炎症模型,采用CCK-8法测定EECP对MAC-T相对增殖率的影响,利用实时荧光定量PCR（RT-qPCR）评估EECP对LPS诱导的MAC-T细胞炎症相关因子（IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α和IL-1β）相对mRNA转录水平;以及对紧密连接蛋白（occludin、ZO-1）相对mRNA转录水平进行检测,并进一步利用免疫荧光技术对紧密连接膜蛋白进行定位,确定EECP对LPS诱导MAC-T细胞炎症紧密连接渗透性的影响。结果显示：EECP中总酚酸含量为106.35 mg没食子酸当量（GAE）·g^-1、总黄酮含量为320.85 mg芦丁当量（RE）·g^-1;CCK-8结果显示EECP的安全浓度为0~15 μg·mL^-1,并可有效提高LPS刺激下MAC-T的活力;LPS刺激显著增加了细胞炎症相关因子IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α和IL-1β mRNA的转录量（P<0.001）;但2.5~15.0 μg·mL^-1 EECP预处理显著降低了IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α和IL-1β mRNA的转录量;与此类似,LPS刺激显著抑制了紧密连接蛋白基因（occludin、ZO-1）mRNA的转录量（P<0.01）,而EECP预处理后紧密连接蛋白基因（occludin和ZO-1）mRNA的转录量显著增加（P<0.05）;免疫荧光染色试验也证实EECP能通过上调紧密连接蛋白（occludin、ZO-1）的表达,缓解LPS诱导的乳腺上皮细胞屏障功能紊乱。该结果证实,EECP对细菌脂多糖诱导奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎症具有良好的保护作用,这为利用中国蜂胶预防奶牛乳腺炎提供了试验基础。     

Immunohistochemical analysis of pseudorabies virus spread through neurons innervating the eyeball

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) was inoculated intraocularly into BALB/c mice, and the distribution pattern of cells positive for several neurotransmitters and viral antigens in the eyeball, trigeminal nerve ganglia, and superior cervical ganglia was examined immunohistochemically to clarify the neural route of the virus spread. In the eyeball, substance P (SP)- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive cells were detected in the ipsilateral iris and ciliary body, neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)-positive cells were detected in the choloid membrane, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells were detected in the ipsilateral inner nuclear layer of the retina; all these cells contained viral antigens. In the superior cervical ganglia, viral antigen-positive cells containing TH or NPY were found at bilateral sites. In the trigeminal nerve ganglia, viral antigen-positive cells containing SP or CGRP were found at bilateral sites. These findings indicated that the SP- and CGRP-positive ganglion cells of the trigeminal nerve ganglia innervating the iris or ciliary body, and the NPY-positive ganglion cells of the superior cervical ganglia innervating the iris, ciliary body, and choroid membrane served as the route for the virus spread. These findings also suggested that dopaminergic neurons, such as the TH-positive retinal cells and TH-positive ganglion cells of the superior cervical ganglia, served as the route for virus spread.