Die Anordnung der Blutgefäśe in der Haut beim Schwein zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt

The present report is part of a study of the development and distribution of blood vessels in the skin of various domestic animals. Twenty-six newborn pigs were injected with a mixture of equal parts of India ink and bovine serum. The fixed skin was dehydrated and cleared. The formation and pattern of the cutaneous arterial networks and venous plexuses were studied.     

Wasserhaushalt,Stoffeintrag, Stoffaustrag und biologische Studien im Naturpark Schönbuch bei Tübingen

Ohne Zusammenfassung (Prof. Agerer seit 1982 am Institut für Systematische Botanik, München). (Weilimdorf) (zuvor t?tig bei der FVA Stuttgart, siehe oben) (Hohenheim)     

QuEChERS multiresidue method validation and mass spectrometric assessment for the novel anthranilic diamide insecticides chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole

The gas-phase dissociation reactions of chlorantraniliprole (Rynaxypyr) and cyantraniliprole (Cyazypyr) have been studied in triple-quadrupole, ion trap, and orbitrap mass spectrometers equipped with electrospray and desorption electrospray ion sources, revealing the formation of odd-electron fragment ions, the structures of which were elucidated. The odd-electron fragments were unusually abundant, and their formation is proposed to occur via a tricyclic intermediate. The applicability of the QuEChERS multiresidue method for the quantitation of chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole was also assessed in this study. Four matrices representative of oily, watery, acidic, and dry crop groups were tested, with a targeted limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg. Average recoveries ranged between 87 and 107%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) of ≤ 8%. Linear calibration functions with correlation coefficients r > 0.99 were obtained. The study provides an expansion of the QuEChERS method to include anthranilic diamides and a mass spectrometric assessment for these two novel agrochemical active ingredients.     

Die Neugestaltung der Forstwissenschaft in der Ostmark im Geiste des Nationalsozialismus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Age-related changes in ecosystem structure and function and effects on water and carbon exchange in ponderosa pine

As forests age, their structure and productivity change, yet in some cases, annual rates of water loss remain unchanged. To identify mechanisms that might explain such observations, and to determine if widely different age classes of forests differ functionally, we examined young (Y, approximately 25 years), mature (M, approximately 90 years) and old (O, approximately 250 years) ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. Laws.) stands growing in a drought-prone region of central Oregon. Although the stands differed in tree leaf area index (LAIT) (Y = 0.9, M = 2.8, O = 2.1), cumulative tree transpiration measured by sap flow did not differ substantially during the growing season (100-112 mm). Yet when water was readily available, transpiration per unit leaf area of the youngest trees was about three times that of M trees and five times that of O trees. These patterns resulted from a nearly sixfold difference in leaf specific conductance (KL) between the youngest and oldest trees. At the time of maximum transpiration in the Y stand in May-June, gross carbon uptake (gross ecosystem production, GEP) was similar for Y and O stands despite an almost twofold difference in stand leaf area index (LAIS). However, the higher rate of water use by Y trees was not sustainable in the drought-prone environment, and between spring and late summer, KL of Y trees declined fivefold compared with a nearly twofold decline for M trees and a < 30% reduction in O trees. Because the Y stand contained a significant shrub understory and more exposed soil, there was no appreciable difference in mean daily latent energy fluxes between the Y stand and the older stands as measured by the eddy-covariance technique. These patterns resulted in 60 to 85% higher seasonal GEP and 55 to 65% higher water-use efficiency at the M and O stands compared with the Y stand.     

Vitisin A content in Chilean wines from Vitis vinifera Cv. Cabernet Sauvignon and contribution to the color of aged red wines

Vitisin A was prepared from malvidin 3-glucoside and pyruvic acid in model wine medium, isolated by countercurrent chromatography, and purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The synthesized compound was used as a reference standard to quantify vitisin A in Chilean wines from Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, including a vertical row of wines from the same vineyard over 16 years. Maximum vitisin A content was reached within the first year of storage. Importantly, up to half of the initial amount of vitisin A in young wines was still present in 15 year old wines. Although vitisin A was found to be much more stable as compared to other monomeric C-4 underivatized anthocyanins, it also slowly degrades after reaching its peak concentration. The "color activity concept" was applied to vitisin A, malvidin 3-glucoside, malvidin 3-(6' '-acetylglucoside), and polymeric pigments isolated by countercurrent chromatography in order to estimate their contribution toward the overall color expression of wines. It was found that vitisin A is only a minor contributor to the visually perceived color of aged red wines (color contribution approximately 5%). The major contributor is the polymeric fraction (color contribution approximately 70-90%).     

Bodenmikrobiologische Prozesse und Testaceen (Protozoa) als Indikatoren für Schwermetallbelastung

Soil microbial processes and Testacea (Protozoa) as indicators of heavy metal pollution The influence of the emissions from a copper smelter on soil microbial processes was investigated at 4 meadow sites along a concentration gradient in Brixlegg (Austria). The first site is within 300 m of the source, further sites are situated 1125 m, 2425 m and 5900 m from the smelter. Heavy metal pollution close to the smelter induced a decrease of microbial biomass, respiration, dehydrogenase activity and the related enzyme activities in soil samples (5–10 cm soil depth): Protease, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, actual and potential nitrification. Thus, soil microbial processes in the 5–10 cm layer appear to be directly affected by heavy metals. Regarding the testate amoebae, their low individual and species numbers at 5–10 cm soil depth obstruct clear trends of this animal group. However, comparing the heavy polluted site with the control area, abundances, species numbers and biomass of testate amoebae slightly decreased at the polluted site (5–10 cm). Contrary to the results in the 5–10 cm layer, most soil microbial processes as well as abundances, species numbers and biomass of testaceans in the upper soil (0–5 cm) seem to be more strongly influenced by the supply of organic substrate than by the content of heavy metals in the soil.