Effects of Diet and Weight Gain on Body Condition Scoring in Thoroughbred Geldings

In the horse, the body condition score (BCS) system to assess subcutaneous fat deposition is a useful tool for making feeding management decisions. The system includes assessing fat deposition at six body areas (neck, withers, shoulders, ribs, loin, and tail head) and was developed in Quarter Horse mares. It has not been tested for use on other breeds or genders, possibly compromising the system's ability to describe fat accretion in other classes of horse. The objective of this study was to examine the ability of the previously developed fat accretion characteristics to describe fat deposition in mature Thoroughbred (TB) geldings. An additional goal was to determine whether fewer body areas could be used. Fifteen mature TB geldings were fed for weight gain over an 8-month period on one of two diets and were independently assessed for BCS on a monthly basis by two judges. BCS was determined by averaging the scores that were assigned to each of the six body areas. Fat accretion characteristics were also recorded. Across both diets, the neck area scored significantly higher than the withers and loin (P < 0.05) throughout the study. A BCS derived only from the body areas of neck, shoulders, ribs, and tailhead was found to accurately predict the six body area−derived mean BCS. The results of this study provide justification for modifications of the BCS system for use in TB geldings and also demonstrated that fewer body areas can be used to accurately predict mean BCS.     

Maternal behaviour and performance in first-parity outdoor sows

When sows and their litters are kept outdoors, much of the responsibility for the litter is shifted from the herdsman to the sow compared to when the sows are kept indoors. Therefore, the maternal ability, including maternal behaviour, is believed to be important in outdoor piglet production. The aim of this study was to describe maternal traits in conventionally bred first-parity sows kept outdoors. Nursing behaviour, sow activity, sow body reserves, litter size and piglet growth were studied in 40 first-parity sows during a seven week long lactation. The sows were kept in groups outdoors. Sow activity (lying down or active) and nursing behaviour (nursing frequency, nursing duration and nursing terminator) were recorded on videotapes at four days post partum (pp) and directly observed at four and six weeks pp. Cross suckling was observed at four and six weeks pp. Sows were weighed and measured for backfat depth five days before farrowing, two weeks pp and at weaning seven weeks pp. Piglets were weighed at four days pp, at two weeks pp and at weaning. We concluded that sow nursing behaviour and activity are individual characteristics repeatable within sows' late lactation. Less active sows are more available for suckling. Light and thin sows have an earlier and more progressed weaning process than heavier, fatter sows. A significant positive relation was found between sow appetite in early lactation and piglet growth until weaning. Sow nursing behaviour is not important for piglet growth when sows and piglets are held in groups, piglets have access to sow feed and piglets are weaned as late as at seven weeks of age.     

Prevalence of obesity in mature horses: an equine body condition study

Obesity is becoming a major health concern in horses because of its associations with insulin resistance, oxidative stress/inflammation, and laminitis. However, there is limited information on the prevalence of obesity in horses. The USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) 1998 Equine study estimated that approximately 1.4% of the U.S. horse population is overweight or obese. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a subpopulation of horses in Virginia. A random sample of 300 mature, Light Breed horses (140 mares, 151 geldings, and 9 stallions) was selected from the VMRCVM Equine Field Service practice. Horses were evaluated during summer 2006. Body Condition Score (BCS) was assigned using a scale of 1 (emaciated) to 9 (obese) by two independent scorers. Neck circumference (cm) was measured at three locations and averaged (ANC). Girth, body length, and height at the withers were measured and used to calculate body weight (BW) and Body Mass Index (BMI). ANC and height at the withers were used to calculate Neck Circumference to Height Ratio (NCHR). Horses were categorized based on BCS as under condition (BCS <4), optimal condition (BCS 4–6), over condition (BCS 6.5–7), and obese condition (BCS 7.5–9). Six horses (2%) were under condition, 141 horses (47%) were in optimal condition, 96 horses (32%) were over condition, and 57 (19%) were obese. BW (p = 0.047), ANC, BMI and NCHR (all p < 0.001) increased with BCS. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in these horses was much higher than previously reported.     

A Single Sample Method for Evaluating 51Chromium-Ethylene Diaminic Tetraacetic Acid Clearance in Normal and Hyperthyroid Cats

Background: Chronic kidney failure is frequently seen in middle-aged and elderly cats. ⁵¹Chromium-ethylene diaminic tetraacetic acid (⁵¹Cr-EDTA) clearance and single blood sample (SBS) method are used in several species to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Hypothesis: The hypothesis of this study was that ⁵¹Cr-EDTA clearance could be determined using an SBS method in normal and hyperthyroid cats.
Animals: Forty-six cats were included in this study, with an average age of 9.5 years. Of these cats, 27 had hyperthyroidism; 19 were healthy.
Methods: After IV injection of ⁵¹Cr-EDTA (average dose: 4.25 MBq), 7 blood samples were obtained between 5 and 240 minutes. Reference clearance was calculated in mL/min and mL/min/kg body weight, using a 2-compartment model. Optimal time for clearance measurement with SBS was then determined by systematically comparing each individual plasma concentration to the reference multisample clearance.
Results: The average reference plasma clearance of ⁵¹Cr-EDTA for all cats was 14.9 mL/min (3.7 mL/min/kg). The clearance in hyperthyroid cats averaged 16.4 mL/min (4.3 mL/min/kg) and in normal cats averaged 10.3 mL/min (2.4 mL/min/kg).
The optimal time for the SBS was 48 minutes after injection of tracer ⁵¹Cr-EDTA ( R ²= 0.9414), giving the following converting equation: clearance = (0.0066 × DV_{48 minutes}) – 0.9277 (in mL/min).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: In this study, the single sample ⁵¹Cr-EDTA clearance method was used to estimate the global GFR in cats. The method identified differences in clearance between normal and hyperthyroid cats. The optimal time for an SBS was 48 minutes.     

Serum biomarker profiling in cancer studies: a question of standardisation?

Companion animals are exposed to similar environmental conditions and carcinogens as humans. In some animal cancers, there also appears to be the same genetic changes associated as in humans. However, little work has been carried out in cancer biomarker identification in animals. The recent dramatic advances in molecular medicine, genomics, proteomics and translational research will allow biomarker identification, which may provide the best strategies for veterinarians and clinicians to combat disease by early diagnosis and administration of effective treatments. Proteomics may have important applications in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and predictive clinical outcome that could directly change clinical practice by affecting critical elemen‐ts of care and management. This review summarizes the advances in proteomics that has propelled us to this exciting age of clinical proteomics, and highlights the future work that is required for this to become a reality. In this review, we will discuss the available proteomic technologies and their limitations, and highlight the key areas of research and how they have been used to discover cancer biomarkers. The principles described here are equally applicable to human and animal disease, but implementation of ‘omic’ technologies requires stringent guidelines for collection of clinical material, the application of analytical techniques and interpretation of the data.     

Abomasal infusion of casein, starch and soybean oil differentially affect plasma concentrations of gut peptides and feed intake in lactating dairy cows

The effects of specific nutrients on secretion and plasma concentrations of gut peptides (glucagon-like peptide-1((7-36)) amide (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and cholecystokinin-8 (CCK)) differ across species, but are not reported for cattle. Our objective was to determine acute (hours) and chronic (1 week) effects of increased abomasal supply of protein, carbohydrate, or fat to the small intestine on dry matter intake (DMI) and plasma concentrations of GLP-1, GIP, CCK, and insulin. Four mid-lactation Holstein cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment. Treatments were 7-day abomasal infusions of water, soybean oil (500 g/d), corn starch (1100 g/d), or casein (800 g/d). Jugular vein plasma was obtained over 7h at the end of the first and last day of infusions. Oil infusion decreased DMI on day 7, but total metabolizable energy (ME) supply (diet plus infusate) did not differ from water infusion. Casein and starch infusion had no effect on feed DMI; thus, ME supply increased. Decreased DMI on day 7 of oil infusion was accompanied by increased plasma GLP-1 concentration, but decreased plasma CCK concentration. Increased plasma GIP concentration was associated with increased ME supply on day 7 of casein and starch infusion. Casein infusion tended to increase plasma CCK concentration on both days of sampling, and increased plasma GLP-1 and insulin concentration on day 1 of infusion. The present data indicate a sustained elevation of plasma concentration of GLP-1, but not CCK, may contribute to the reduced DMI observed in dairy cows provided supplemental fat.     

An economic model to evaluate the mitigation programme for bovine viral diarrhoea in Switzerland

Economic analyses are indispensable as sources of information to help policy makers make decisions about mitigation resource use. The aim of this study was to conduct an economic evaluation of the Swiss national mitigation programme for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), which was implemented in 2008 and concludes in 2017. The eradication phase of the mitigation programme comprised testing and slaughtering of all persistently infected (PI) animals found. First, the whole population was antigen tested and all PI cattle removed. Since October 2008, all newborn calves have been subject to antigen testing to identify and slaughter PI calves. All mothers of PI calves were retested and slaughtered if the test was positive. Antigen testing in calves and elimination of virus-carriers was envisaged to be conducted until the end of 2011. Subsequently, a surveillance programme will document disease freedom or detect disease if it recurs. Four alternative surveillance strategies based on antibody testing in blood from newborn calves and/or milk from primiparous cows were proposed by Federal Veterinary Office servants in charge of the BVDV mitigation programme. A simple economic spreadsheet model was developed to estimate and compare the costs and benefits of the BVDV mitigation programme. In an independent project, the impact of the mitigation programme on the disease dynamics in the population was simulated using a stochastic compartment model. Mitigation costs accrued from materials, labour, and processes such as handling and testing samples, and recording results. Benefits were disease costs avoided by having the mitigation programme in place compared to a baseline of endemic disease equilibrium. Cumulative eradication costs and benefits were estimated to determine the break-even point for the eradication component of the programme. The margin over eradication cost therefore equalled the maximum expenditure potentially available for surveillance without the net benefit from the mitigation programme overall becoming zero. Costs of the four surveillance strategies and the net benefit of the mitigation programme were estimated. Simulations were run for the years 2008-2017 with 20,000 iterations in @Risk for Excel. The mean baseline disease costs were estimated to be 16.04m CHF (1 Swiss Franc, CHF=0.73 € at the time of analysis) (90% central range, CR: 14.71-17.39m CHF) in 2008 and 14.89m CHF (90% CR: 13.72-16.08m CHF) in 2009. The break-even point was estimated to be reached in 2012 and the margin over eradication cost 63.15m CHF (90% CR: 53.72-72.82m CHF). The discounted cost for each surveillance strategy was found to be smaller than the margin, so the mitigation programme overall is expected to have a positive net economic benefit irrespective of the strategy adopted. For economic efficiency, the least cost surveillance alternative must be selected.     

Pharmacokinetics and dose selection of a novel, long-acting transdermal fentanyl solution in healthy laboratory Beagles

A novel, transdermal fentanyl solution (TFS) was developed that delivers sustained concentrations of fentanyl for days following a single application. The pharmacokinetics following a single topical dose was examined. Eighteen adult Beagle dogs were divided into three groups of six dogs (3M, 3F). Each group was administered a single dose of 1.3 (25), 2.6 (50), or 5.2 mg/kg (100 μL/kg) of TFS. The dose was applied to the clipped, ventral abdominal skin using a 1-mL tuberculin syringe. Immediately following dosing, collars were placed on each dog through 72 h to prevent direct licking of the application site. Serial jugular venous blood samples were collected at 0 (predosing), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 144, 168, 240, 336, 408, and 504 h after dosing and assayed for plasma fentanyl concentration. Fentanyl was rapidly detected following application with a mean absorption lag time (t(lag) ) of 0.333 h in the 1.3 mg/kg group and 0 in the other two groups. The mean C(max) increased with dose and were 2.28, 2.67, and 4.71 ng/mL in the 1.3, 2.6 and 5.2 mg/kg dose groups, respectively. Mean terminal half-lives were 53.7, 69.6, and 103 h in the 1.3, 2.6, and 5.2 mg/kg dose groups, respectively. The mean AUC(0-LLOQ) from lowest to highest dose groups were 157, 268, and 645 ng·h/mL and were dose proportional with a R(2) value of 0.9818. Adverse reactions were limited to the highest dose group and included sedation (four of six dogs) and decreased food and water intake (one dog). A dose of 2.6 mg/kg (50 μL/kg) is proposed for further development studies based on the lack of adverse events that were observed compared to the 5.2 mg/kg group and a more rapid onset of action and longer duration of action compared to the 1.3 mg/kg group.