日粮中添加杜仲提取物对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

选用825只艾维茵肉仔鸡,随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复33只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加1500,2000,2500g/t的杜仲提取物或50mg/kg的效美素,比较杜仲提取物对肉仔鸡生产性能及胴体品质的影响。试验分2个阶段(0～21d和21～42d),试验鸡自由采食和饮水。研究结果表明,1)日粮中添加杜仲提取物能降低采食量,提高肉仔鸡成活率,其中以添加1500g/t杜仲提取物效果较好。2)杜仲提取物能促进肌肉组织蛋白质的合成,降低体内脂肪的沉积,在一定程度上改善肉仔鸡胴体品质。     

饲料中添加复合益生菌对断奶仔猪生长性能、粪便微生物及血液生化指标的影响

为探讨饲粮中添加含丁酸梭菌的复合益生菌对断奶仔猪饲粮中的抗生素替代效果,试验选取日龄基本一致,体重为(8.5±0.5)kg经过免疫的健康PIC断奶仔猪224头,随机分为4个组,每组4个重复,每个重复14头。对照组饲喂无抗饲粮;试验组分别用含丁酸梭菌的复合益生菌替代0%、50%、100%的抗生素(金霉素75 mg/kg+杆菌肽锌40 mg/kg+吉他霉素50 mg/kg)。预试验4 d,正式试验25 d。结果表明:(1)各组生长性能均无显著差异(P0.05),但随着益生菌的替代比例加大,腹泻率呈线性下降(P=0.04)。(2)不同组间的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总蛋白(TP)及白蛋白(ALB)均无显著差异(P0.05),但血清尿素氮有显著差异(P0.05),50%替代组的血清尿氮素与比无抗组及100%替代组分别高出51.19%(P0.05)。(3)各组粪便微生物菌群结构有显著差异(P0.05),与无抗组相比,100%替代组沙门氏菌降低了79.11%(P0.01),50%替代组的产气荚膜菌降低94.29%(P0.01)。无抗组的大肠杆菌数量极显著高于其他组(P0.01)。(4)随着时间的推移,50%替代组及100%替代组的沙门氏菌、产气荚膜梭菌以及100%替代组的大肠杆菌持续下降,且差异极显著(P0.01)。利用复合益生菌替代50%的抗生素能有效减低料肉比,但可能增加肾负担。而100%替代抗生素其生长性能与抗生素组效果相当,而且能降低腹泻率。综上所述,在规模化养猪生产中,可以用丁酸梭菌复合益生菌替代抗生素的使用,且以100%替代效果更好。     

植物多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道内环境的影响

本试验旨在探讨断奶仔猪饲粮中单独或联合添加黄芪多糖、白术多糖和牛膝多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道内环境的影响。试验选取256头35日龄的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为8个组,每组4个重复,每个重复8头猪。采用三因素两水平(2×2×2)试验设计,饲粮中黄芪多糖、白术多糖和牛膝多糖的添加水平设置为0和800 mg/kg,试验共进行28 d。结果表明:1)在断奶仔猪饲粮中单独或两两联合添加黄芪多糖、白术多糖和牛膝多糖有提高断奶仔猪平均日增重的趋势(P0.05),3种多糖联合使用能显著提高断奶仔猪平均日增重(P0.05),各组之间料重比无显著差异(P0.05)。断奶仔猪饲粮中单独添加黄芪多糖、白术多糖和牛膝多糖均能显著降低断奶仔猪的腹泻率(P0.05),多糖之间存在一定互作效应。2)与对照组相比,单独或联合添加多糖组断奶仔猪回肠、直肠内容物的p H无显著变化(P0.05),盲肠和结肠内容物p H显著降低(P0.05),3种多糖联合添加对盲肠内容物p H有互作效应(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,单独或联合添加多糖组断奶仔猪盲肠内容物总挥发性脂肪酸含量均显著上升(P0.05),三者联合的效果显著优于单独添加(P0.05)。4)在断奶仔猪饲粮中单独或联合添加植物多糖均能显著提高肠道内乳酸菌和双歧杆菌的数量(P0.05),多糖两两组合组与单一添加组相比肠道内乳酸菌和双歧杆菌的数量有增加趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05),单独或联合添加多糖能显著降低肠道中大肠杆菌的数量(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加黄芪多糖、白术多糖和牛膝多糖可改善其肠道内环境,降低仔猪腹泻,从而改善断奶仔猪的生长性能,且以三者联合添加效果最佳。     

一种检测猪基因组中内源性反转录病毒C方法的建立

猪内源性反转录病毒使异种移植猪细胞、组织和器官存在风险,猪内源性反转录病毒A和猪内源性反转录病毒B都出现在猪基因组中,并能在体外感染人.猪内源性反转录病毒C只感染猪细胞,并可整合到大多数猪基因组中,但不是全部.猪内源性反转录病毒A和C的重组能感染人细胞,并大量复制.为了避免这种重组,猪内源性反转录病毒C阳性动物不能用于异种移植.为检测猪内源性反转录病毒C阳性猪,建立了多种不同的方法,如用不同引物建立的特异性PCR技术、异种高灵敏度的巢氏PCR技术和可定量前病毒拷贝数的实时定量PCR技术.实时定量PCR技术可用于区分污染和真正的前病毒分子.这些PCR方法经过优化,具有稳定的检测灵敏性.首先进行PCR1,如果检测结果为阴性,则进行PCR2或PCR5或巢氏PCR；如果检测结果是阳性,则进行实时定量PCR来排除污染.使用这些方法可评估猪内源性反转录病毒C的流行程度和识别未感染猪内源性反转录病毒C的动物.由于可能从其它动物细胞带来污染,不是使用耳活体检测,而是采用血细胞检测.     

壳聚糖的生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用

壳聚糖(chitosan)是甲壳素脱乙酰基后的产物,是天然多糖中唯一的碱性多糖,其自然资源丰富、安全无毒、不产生耐药性、生产成本低,具有改善动物生长性能、增强机体免疫力、调节脂肪代谢、抗菌抑菌和抗氧化等多种生物学功能,被认为是具有广泛开发前景的绿色添加剂。本文就壳聚糖生物学特性、生理功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用现状进行综述,以期为其在畜禽生产中的应用提供参考依据。     

美国养禽业提高家禽产品安全性的新选择

正前言在美国,肠炎沙门氏菌和空场弯曲杆菌是感染人类的2种主要的食源性致病菌,这与食用生的或未煮熟的家禽产品有很大关系。而肠炎沙门氏菌是从家禽产品中分离到的最常见的沙门氏菌血清型。另一方面,流行病学调查结果已证实,人感染空肠弯曲杆菌与食用生的或未煮熟的家禽肉之间有着显著地关系。人类每年都会因为这些病原菌感染而造成     

Time-frequency and complexity analyses for differentiation of physiologic murmurs from heart murmurs caused by aortic stenosis in Boxers

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether time-frequency and complexity analyses of heart murmurs can be used to differentiate physiologic murmurs from murmurs caused by aortic stenosis (AS) in Boxers. ANIMALS: 27 Boxers with murmurs. PROCEDURES: Dogs were evaluated via auscultation and echocardiography. Analyses of time-frequency properties (TFPs; ie, maximal murmur frequency and duration of murmur frequency > 200 Hz) and correlation dimension (T(2)) of murmurs were performed on phonocardiographic sound data. Time-frequency property and T(2) analyses of low-intensity murmurs in 16 dogs without AS were performed at 7 weeks and 12 months of age. Additionally, TFP and T(2) analyses were performed on data obtained from 11 adult AS-affected dogs with murmurs. RESULTS: In dogs with low-intensity murmurs, TFP or T(2) values at 7 weeks and 12 months did not differ significantly. For differentiation of physiologic murmurs from murmurs caused by mild AS, duration of murmur frequency > 200 Hz was useful and the combination assessment of duration of frequency > 200 Hz and T(2) of the murmur had a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 82%. Maximal murmur frequency did not differentiate dogs with AS from those without AS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that assessment of the duration of murmur frequency > 200 Hz can be used to distinguish physiologic heart murmurs from murmurs caused by mild AS in Boxers. Combination of this analysis with T(2) analysis may be a useful complementary method for diagnostic assessment of cardiovascular function in dogs.     

Comparison of two doses of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein in absorbable collagen sponges for bone healing in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of 2 doses of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in an absorbable collagen sponge (rhBMP-2/ACS) on bone healing in dogs. ANIMALS: 27 adult dogs. PROCEDURES: Dogs underwent a mid-diaphyseal (1-mm) tibial osteotomy (stabilized with external skeletal fixation) and received an ACS containing 0.28 mg (0.2 mg/mL) or 0.56 mg (0.4 mg/mL) of rhBMP-2 or no treatment (control dogs). All dogs were examined daily; bone healing was assessed via radiography and subjective lameness evaluation every 2 weeks. After euthanasia at 8 weeks, tibiae were evaluated biomechanically and histologically. RESULTS: Control dogs required antimicrobial treatment for pin-site-related complications more frequently than did rhBMP-2/ACS-treated dogs. At 4 and 6 weeks, weight bearing was greater in dogs treated with rhBMP-2/ACS (0.2 mg/mL) than in control dogs, albeit not significantly. Compared with control treatment, both doses of rhBMP-2/ACS accelerated osteotomy healing at 4, 6, and 8 weeks, and the 0.2 mg/mL dose enhanced healing at 2 weeks; healing at 6 weeks was greater for the lower-dose treatment than for the higher-dose treatment. Histologically, healing at 8 weeks was significantly improved for both rhBMP-2/ACS treatments, compared with control treatment. Among groups, biomechanical variables did not differ, although less osteotomy-site failures occurred in rhBMP-2/ACS-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In dogs that underwent tibial osteotomy, rhBMP-2/ACS (0.2 mg/mL) appeared to accelerate bone healing and reduce lameness (compared with control treatment) and apparently augmented bone healing more than rhBMP-2/ACS (0.4 mg/mL). Compared with control dogs, rhBMP-2/ACS-treated dogs required antimicrobial treatments less frequently.     

Evaluation of a combined transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressure and pulse oximetry sensor in adult sheep and dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a combined transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressure (tcPCO(2)) and pulse oximetry sensor in sheep and dogs. ANIMALS: 13 adult sheep and 11 adult dogs. PROCEDURES: During inhalation anesthesia, for the first 10 minutes following sensor placement, arterial blood gas was analyzed and tcPCO(2) was recorded every 2 minutes. Subsequently, the animals were hyper-, normo-, and hypoventilated. The simultaneously obtained tcPCO(2) and PaCO(2) values were analyzed by use of Bland-Altman statistical analysis. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD overall difference between tcPCO(2) and PaCO(2) 10 minutes after sensor application was 13.3 +/- 8.4 mm Hg in sheep and 8.9 +/- 12 mm Hg in dogs. During hyper-, normo-, and hypoventilation, mean difference (bias) and precision (limits of agreement [bias +/- 2 SD]) between tcPCO(2) and PaCO(2) values were 13.2 +/- 10.4 mm Hg (limits of agreement, -7.1 and 33.5 mm Hg) in sheep and 10.6 +/- 10.5 mm Hg (limits of agreement, -9.9 and 31.2 mm Hg) in dogs, respectively. Changes in PaCO(2) induced by different ventilation settings were detected by the tcPCO(2) sensor with a lag (response) time of 4.9 +/- 3.5 minutes for sheep and 6.2 +/- 3.6 minutes for dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The tcPCO(2) sensor overestimated PaCO(2) in sheep and dogs and followed changes in PaCO(2) with a considerable lag time. The tcPCO(2) sensor might be useful for noninvasive monitoring of changes but cannot be used as a surrogate measure for PaCO(2).     

Changes in the myocardial performance index during dobutamine administration in anesthetized cats

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between myocardial performance index (MPI; also known as the Tei index) and cardiac function in anesthetized cats administered dobutamine. ANIMALS: 6 adult cats. PROCEDURES: Cats were anesthetized by administration of propofol (6 mg/kg, IV), and anesthesia was maintained by administration of isoflurane. Heart rate and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) were monitored. Stroke volume, cardiac output, and aortic blood flow (ABF) were measured by use of transesophageal ultrasonography. Left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS), mitral E-wave velocity-to-A-wave velocity (E:A) ratio, and ejection time were measured by use of transthoracic echocardiography. Dobutamine was administrated via a cephalic vein at rates of 2.5, 5.0, and 10 microg/kg/min. RESULTS: Heart rate, SAP, cardiac output, and ABF increased with dobutamine administration, whereas stroke volume significantly decreased. The LVFS significantly increased, and the E:A ratio significantly decreased. Total isovolumic time and the MPI significantly decreased. The MPI was negatively correlated (r=-0.63) with LVFS. Conversely, the MPI was positively correlated with the E:A ratio (r=0.47), stroke volume (r=0.66), and total isovolumic time (r=0.95). However, the MPI was not significantly correlated with heart rate, SAP, cardiac output, or ABF. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Analysis suggested that the MPI provides a sensitive clinical assessment of cardiac response to medication in cats, which may be similar to the usefulness of the MPI reported in humans.