Effects of CO2 concentration in rhizosphere on nodulation and N2 fixation of soybean and cowpea

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cvs. Akisengoku and Peking, and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) cv. Kegonnotaki were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum AlO17, Shinorhizobium fredii USDAI93, and B. sp. Vigna MAFF03-03063, respectively and were cultured hydroponically with supply of CO₂-free air, 3dm³ m^-3 CO₂ air, or 25 dm³ m^-3 CO₂ air to study the effects of the CO₂ concentration in the rhizosphere on plant growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation. Increase of the CO₂ concentration in the rhizosphere led to the increase of the plant dry weight in the symbiosis between Peking and USDAI93, and that between Kegonnotaki and MAFF03-03063. On the other hand, dry matter accumulation in the symbiosis between Akisengoku and AI017 decreased under the supply of 25 dm³ m^-3 CO₂ air aimed at increasing the CO₂ concentration in the rhizosphere beyond the optimum CO₂ concentration for growth. Nodule mass and nodule number per plant were highest in Akisengoku, followed by Kegonnotaki and lowest in Peking. Also the increase of the CO₂ concentration in the rhizosphere led to the increase of the nodule mass and number in Kegonnotaki, while no changes were observed in Akisengoku and Peking. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) was highest in Akisengoku, followed by Kegonnotaki, and lowest or near zero in Peking. BNF in Akisengoku and Kegonnotaki showed a similar tendency to that of dry matter accumulation. BNF of Peking was especially low under the supply of CO₂-free air, and it increased with the increase of the CO₂ concentration in the rhizosphere. For the symbiosis of Bradyrhizobium strains with soybean and cowpea, the most suitable CO₂ concentration for N₂ fixation and plant growth was estimated to be about 10 dm³ m^-3, while for the symbiosis of S. fredii with soybean, the value was estimated to be above 30 dm³ m^-3.     

砂质黏性紫色土粒组缺失对降低持水特性的影响

紫色土结构松散、具高生产性,但具有较弱的抗侵蚀能力,侵蚀后表现出土壤干密度减小、细颗粒流失严重等现象,影响其持水特性。为探讨紫色土降雨侵蚀后土壤持水特性的变化,该研究选取砂质黏性紫色土在降雨条件下最易变化的3组粒组（>0.250～0.500、>0.075～0.250、0～0.075 mm）,开展广义吸力范围内粒组缺失的土-水特征曲线（soil-water characteristic curve,SWCC）试验,分析粒组缺失对砂质黏性紫色土持水特性的影响。结果表明： 1）粒组缺失会降低土体持水特性,在边界效应区和过渡区最为明显,残余区影响较小。缺失粒组质量分数与进气值和残余含水率呈反比;2）使用粒径参数（限制粒径、平均粒径、中值粒径、有效粒径）表征土体级配状况,建立土体级配曲线与SWCC特征值的关系,发现除有效粒径,其余参数均与进气值和残余值呈线性反比关系;3）使用Fredlund-Xing模型对不同方法所得数据进行拟合,发现使用单一试验方法所得数据结果拟合优度较高,但SWCC明显偏离其余试验数据点。提出获得准确的紫色土全吸力SWCC仅需确定吸力最大值,并引入3种评价指标进行验证,拟合结果表明,此方法可有效缩短SWCC试验周期,为SWCC在三峡库区紫色土地区的工程运用提供了可靠的思路。     

Soybean preference for Bradyrhizobium japonicum for modulation

Abstract

Caldwell and Vest (1968) planted soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) with various genotypes at Beltsville, USA, without inoculating them with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and showed that soybeans preferred certain serotypes of rhizobial strains for nodulation. Recently, the authors have reported that soybeans carrying nodulation-conditioning genes preferred appropriate strains showing specific behavior for nodulation (Ishizuka et al. 1991). For instance, nodulation of soybean cv. Hardee which carries the nodulation-conditioning genes, Rj ₂ and Rj ₃, does not occur with B. japonicum USDA122, USDA33, Is-1, etc. Nodulation of cv. Hill which carries the Rj ₄ gene, does not occur with B. japonicum USDA61, Is-21, etc. while A62-2 which carries a recessive gene rj ₁, does not nodulate with almost any of the strains of B. japonicum. Therefore, the B. japonicum strains can be classified into three nodulation types based on the compatibility with these Rj-cultivars, that is, type A strains which effectively nodulated both Rj ₂ Rj ₃-cultivars and Rj ₄-ones, type B strains which did not nodulate the Rj ₂ Rj ₃-cultivars and type C strains which did not nodulate the Rj ₄-cultivars. When the nodulation types of the isolates from nodules of field-grown soybeans were examined, it was suggested that the Rj ₂ Rj ₃-cultivars and Rj ₄-cultivars preferred the type C and type B strains, respectively (Ishizuka et al. 1991).     

Yield-scaled nitrous oxide emissions from nitrogen-fertilized croplands in China: A meta-analysis of contrasting mitigation scenarios

Nitrogen(N) losses in cropland resulting from the application of synthetic fertilizers decrease crop productivity and exacerbate environmental pollution.Mitigation measures, such as reduction in N fertilizer application rates, can have unintentional adverse effects on crop yield. We conducted a meta-analysis of soil N₂O emissions from agricultural fields across China under contrasting mitigation scenarios as a novel approach to identify the most effective strategy for the mitigation of emissions of N₂O derived from N fertilizer use in China. Current standard agricultural practice was used as a baseline scenario(BS), and 12 potential mitigation scenarios(S1–S12) were derived from the available literature and comprised single and combinations of management scenarios that accounted for crop yield. Mitigation scenarios S6(nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) and S11(20% reduction in N application rate plus nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide) in maize, rice, and wheat crops led to an average 56.0% reduction in N₂O emissions at the national level, whereas scenario S4(nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide) led to yield optimization, with a 14.0% increase for maize and 8.0% increase for rice as compared to the BS. Implementation of these most effective mitigation scenarios(S4, S6, and S11) might help China, as a signatory to the 2015 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(Paris Agreement), to achieve a 30% reduction in N₂O emissions by 2030.     

Effect of nodulation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Shinorhizobium fredii on xylem sap composition of Peking (Glycine max L. Merr )

Five barley cultivars were grown together in complete, low-P·low-pH and high-Al medium containing only NO₃, only NH₄ or both NO₃ and NH₄ as N sources, respectively using an automatic control system of pH for water culture, and the relationship between the differential Al tolerance and the plant-induced pH change of medium among the barley cultivars was investigated.

The pH of the medium containing only NO₃ as N source tended to increase, whereas the pH of the other media containing only NH₄ or both NO₃ and NH₄ as N sources tended to decrease, but the fluctuations of the medium pH could be maintained within the value of 0.2 pH in the complete medium and within the value of 0.1 pH in the high-Al medium.

Barley cultivars still differed in their Al tolerance in the medium which was continuously stirred and circulated at a constant pH. The pattern of Al tolerance was not affected by the N sources in the medium. The plant-induced pH change of medium for each cultivar was influenced by the N sources in the medium, and was not correlated positively with Al tolerance. The contents of Al and Ca or other nutrient cations in roots were positively correlated with Al tolerance and positive correlations were recognized also between the contents of Al and Ca or some other nutrient cations in the roots.

In conclusion, the following mechanisms are proposed. Al tolerant barley cultivars exclude Al actively outside the plasmalemma of the root cells, and the excluded Al may polymerize and or react with P to form Al precipitates. Consequently, in the Al tolerant barley cultivars the Al content may be low in the root protoplasts, high in the whole root tissues and the contents of Ca or other nutrients may be high in the roots. The plant-induced pH change of medium is not considered to be the cause of the differential Al tolerance among barley cultivars.     

小麦粒形QTL定位及其与水分环境互作遗传分析

为了解析小麦粒形性状的分子数量遗传特征及其与水分环境的互作关系,以两个冬小麦品种（陇鉴19和Q9086）为亲本创建的重组近交系（recombinant inbred lines,RIL）群体120个株系为供试材料,利用复合区间作图法对两种环境条件下该群体的粒形进行QTL定位和遗传解析。结果表明,小麦RIL群体中各株系呈现广泛的表型变异和超亲分离,对水分环境反应敏感,属于多基因控制的数量性状,遗传模式复杂。在两种环境条件下共检测到控制粒形的26个加性QTL(A-QTL)和22对上位性QTL(AA-QTL),分布在除4D、6D、7A和7D以外的其他17条染色体上,对表型变异的贡献率分别为3.60%～13.90%和0.52%～2.76%,对粒形的表型有正向或负向遗传效应。这些A-QTL和AA-QTL均与水分环境存在显著互作,但对表型变异的贡献率较低（＜3.05%）。在A-QTL中发现了3个对表型变异贡献率大于10%的主效位点( Qkl.acs-1B.1, Qkw.acs-6A.1和 Qkp.acs-1B.1),未检测到两种环境中稳定表达的A-QTL位点。在1B、3B、4B、5A、5B、5D和6A染色体上发现了7个A-QTL热点区域（Xgwm153~Xmag981、Xwmc231~Xbarc173、Xgwm149~Xgwm495、Xgwm186~Xcfa2185、Xbarc59~Xbarc232、Xgwm292~Xwmc161、Xksum255~Xbarc171）,这些标记区间可能是控制小麦粒形基因的重要区域。     

高产、优质绿色棉新品种——新彩棉27号的选育

新彩棉27号（原品系名为金垦绿2号）由新疆农垦科学院棉花研究所、新疆农垦科学院新垦棉业科技开发部及新疆西域绿洲种业科技有限公司联合协作,以石彩5号为母本,以自育丰产优质抗病品系D150为父本进行杂交,通过多年的病地定向选择、抗性鉴定、南繁加代、品质检测、品比试验、多点试验选择培育而成的绿色棉。2013年8月通过新疆维吾尔自治区农作物品种审定委员会审定并命名为新彩棉27号,审定编号：新审棉2013年57号。     

不同细胞培养基细胞培养动力学比较试验

应用宜兴赛尔生物化工厂产１９９、Ｆ－１０、１６４０和ＤＭＥＭ细胞培养基与美国Ｓｉｇｍａ公司产１９９、Ｆ－１０、１６４０和ＤＭＥＭ细胞培养基分别配制细胞培养液，培养ＳＰ２／０和Ｖｅｒｏ细胞系及原代鸡胚成纤维细胞（ＣＥＦ），做细胞培养动力学比较试验。比较这两种来源的细胞培养基对细胞生长的形态、分裂速度及鸡马立克氏病毒（Ｍａｒｅｋ＇ｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅｖｉｒｕｓ．ＭＤＶ）疫苗毒株ＨＶＴ－ＦＣ１２６和ＲｉｓｐｅｎｓＣＶＩ９８８在ＣＥＦ单层上增殖量的差异。研究结果表明，四种国产细胞培养基与对应的四种进口培养基对细胞生长及病毒增殖的影响无显著差异     

棉花早熟杂交种新陆早68号的特性及栽培技术

介绍了早熟杂交棉新陆早68号的选育过程、品种特性及栽培技术要点,为品种的推广应用提供技术支撑。     

黄土高原表土有机碳和无机碳的空间分布及碳储量

选取位于干旱-半干旱区的黄土高原陕西境内表土样品为研究对象,对其有机碳(Soil organiccarbon,简称SOC)和无机碳的空间分布及陕西省碳储量进行初步研究。结果表明:黄土高原陕西境内有机碳和无机碳的平均值分别为5.41g/kg和17.04g/kg,有机碳的空间分布是自北向南呈现出增加的趋势,这也与所处环境相符,无机碳的空间分布特征沿着纬度呈现自北向南逐渐增加的趋势,特别是北纬36o以北;将每一区域内CaCO3含量的平均值与相对区域的降雨量和温度分别进行一元线性拟合,其拟合系数分别为R=0.338和0.182,碳酸盐含量与降雨量和温度的相关性并不显著。陕西省表土有机碳和无机碳储量分别为0.272Pg和0.856Pg,无机碳储量远大于有机碳储量,这与其所处干旱环境有关。