Ochracenoids A and B,Guaiazulene-Based Analogues from Gorgonian Anthogorgia ochracea Collected from the South China Sea

Two new guaiazulene-based analogues, ochracenoids A (1) and B (2), along with four known analogues (3–6), were isolated from the gorgonian Anthogorgia ochracea collected from the South China Sea. The planar structures of the new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined as 3R by the comparison of TDDFT calculated electronic circular dichroism with its experimental spectrum. Compound 1 is a rare guaiazulene-based analogue possessing a unique C₁₆ skeleton. The possible generation process of 1 through an intermolecular one-carbon-transfer reaction was also discussed. Compound 2 was previously described as a presumed intermediate involved in the biogenesis of anthogorgienes A and I. Compound 3 exhibited antiproliferative effects on the embryo development of zebrafish Danio rerio.     

Study on differences of reaction behavior of phenolic hydroxyl groups with vinyl sulfone reactive dyes and monochlorotriazine reactive dyes

Using p-methylphenol as a model compound for phenolic hydroxyl groups on silk fibroin, the reaction kinetics of two typical of reactive dyes including vinyl sulfone reactive dyes and monochlorotriazine reactive dyes with phenolic hydroxyl groups were studied by reverse phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that, the reaction rates of monochlorotriazine reactive dyes with phenolic hydroxyl groups were by far faster than those of vinyl sulfone reactive dyes, attributed to the stability of resultants from the former. The optimum reaction conditions for phenolic hydroxyl groups with vinyl sulfone reactive dyes and monochlorotriazine reactive dyes were at 50–70 °C and pH=8–9 for the former, and at 85–95 °C and pH=8–9 for the latter. The methods and results in this paper would help to deeply study the reaction mechanisms of reactive dyes with silk fibroin.     

A concept to define a quantitative measure of mixture state

Mixing is a mechanical operation to distribute components evenly in a plane or a space. Composite molding and textile manufacturing industries are routinely taking advantage of mixing operations in order to distribute raw materials uniformly or in a specific way during composite molding or textile producing processes. Key issues to identify any mixed state are (1) the time needed to accomplish through mixing (the time scale) and (2) the extent of the homogeneity of the mixture in a plane (the length scale). In this paper, a new concept of mixture status is focused on the length scale. The goal to derive a new concept of mixture status is to establish a measure to describe the mixed extent of a mixture consisting of two components, derived from clump size and clump distribution. To verify the usefulness of the newly conceived “Mixedness Index”, the suggested definition was compared with the existing coefficient of variation (CV) method based on simulation and experiments. Results showed a reasonable relationship between the Mixedness Index and observation, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed Mixedness Index for industrial applications.     

Bioproduction of Chitooligosaccharides: Present and Perspectives

Chitin and chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) have been traditionally obtained by chemical digestion with strong acids. In light of the difficulties associated with these traditional production processes, environmentally compatible and reproducible production alternatives are desirable. Unlike chemical digestion, biodegradation of chitin and chitosan by enzymes or microorganisms does not require the use of toxic chemicals or excessive amounts of wastewater. Enzyme preparations with chitinase, chitosanase, and lysozymeare primarily used to hydrolyze chitin and chitosan. Commercial preparations of cellulase, protease, lipase, and pepsin provide another opportunity for oligosaccharide production. In addition to their hydrolytic activities, the transglycosylation activity of chitinolytic enzymes might be exploited for the synthesis of desired chitin oligomers and their derivatives. Chitin deacetylase is also potentially useful for the preparation of oligosaccharides. Recently, direct production of oligosaccharides from chitin and crab shells by a combination of mechanochemical grinding and enzymatic hydrolysis has been reported. Together with these, other emerging technologies such as direct degradation of chitin from crustacean shells and microbial cell walls, enzymatic synthesis of COS from small building blocks, and protein engineering technology for chitin-related enzymes have been discussed as the most significant challenge for industrial application.     

基于AFLP标记的薄壳山核桃种质资源遗传多样性分析

利用荧光AFLP分子标记技术,对引种到山东地区的30份薄壳山核桃品种(系)的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行分析,旨在加深山东地区引进的薄壳山核桃品种资源遗传背景的认识,为以后山东地区薄壳山核桃的品种选育在分子层面提供理论基础.总体上,9对引物组合共扩增出1425个条带,多态性条带1381个,平均多态性比例为96.9％,其中有...     

三峡库区典型流域水质时空特征及污染防控策略

为了解三峡库区典型小流域不同土地利用类型下水质的变化特征,于2015-2020年对三峡库区长坪小流域开展水质监测,对不同土地利用类型下水体中的总氮（Total Nitrogen,TN）、硝态氮（NO3--N）、氨氮（NH4+-N）、总磷（Total Phosphorus,TP）、可溶态总磷（Dissolved Total Phosphorus,DTP）和颗粒态总磷（Particulate Phosphorus,PP）浓度的时空变化规律进行研究,识别流域内主要氮磷污染源,从而提出针对性的污染防控策略。结果表明：1）不同土地利用类型氮磷输出浓度从大到小依次为村庄、坡耕地、林地和水库,其TN平均浓度分别为8.29、2.88、1.57和1.43 mg/L,TP平均浓度分别为0.25、0.13、0.09和0.07 mg/L。2）不同土地利用类型的水质在汛期和非汛期存在差异,村庄氮磷输出浓度为非汛期高于汛期,坡耕地、林地和水库则表现为汛期高于非汛期。3）内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果表明林地和水库的污染程度均为清洁水平,坡耕地污染程度为轻污染水平,村庄受散养生猪数量的影响,污染程度从污染水平转变为重污染水平。4）长坪小流域TN和TP年输出负荷总量分别为4 278.59和364.93 kg/a。畜禽养殖源是小流域氮磷最主要的污染源,其TN和TP的输出负荷分别占流域总负荷的45.69%和71.77%。坡耕地的TN和TP单位面积污染负荷分别是村庄的7.58%和1.79%,与村庄相比,坡耕地具有显著的低污染特征,因此,以坡耕地消纳村庄污水和畜禽粪便,可促进流域内粪污的就地消纳,达到多源共治的效果。基于小流域不同土地利用类型的水质特征和生态系统服务功能,将流域划分为林草水源涵养区、村庄污染控制区和坡耕地水土保持区,并进行分区协同防控,促进流域农业面源污染系统高效治理。     

电子束辐照对天麻粉灭菌效果及品质的影响

为研究电子束辐照对天麻灭菌效果及其品质的影响,采用0(CK)、5、7、9、11、13 kGy剂量的电子束辐照处理天麻粉,测定天麻的微生物含量、色泽、理化性质、指纹图谱相似度及活性成分含量等指标。结果表明,经9 kGy辐照处理后,天麻中均未检出需氧菌、霉菌和酵母菌;辐照后天麻的L^*值降低,9 kGy剂量总色差值变化最小;辐照对天麻的水分、总灰分含量均无显著影响,9~13 kGy吸收剂量下天麻的醇溶性浸出物含量显著增加(P<0.05);不同吸收剂量电子束辐照处理后天麻指纹图谱的相似度为0.995~0.998;辐照对天麻主要活性成分的总含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上,9 kGy电子束辐照处理既能减少天麻微生物含量,又能最大限度地保持其品质不受影响。本研究结果为电子束辐照在天麻灭菌工艺中的应用提供了理论基础。     

褪黑素壳聚糖微粒防止褪黑素降解并有效提高其抗旱功能

  【目的】  褪黑素可提高作物抗旱性,但容易降解。本研究试图开发具有缓释和抵御光降解能力的褪黑素壳聚糖微粒,并对其抗旱性进行评价。  【方法】  利用壳聚糖与三聚磷酸钠和果胶所产生的静电引力,使三者之间产生交联形成包裹褪黑素的杂化微粒,从而实现褪黑素的缓释和保活。确定投入褪黑素质量为5 mg时制备的褪黑素壳聚糖微粒作为试验材料(MP-MT)。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR),对褪黑素壳聚糖微粒(MP-MT)表面形貌及官能团特性进行表征。采用超高效液相色谱技术,探究MP-MT对褪黑素的缓释性能和抵抗光降解的性能。以两叶一心的小麦幼苗为试材,进行灌根试验。将基质最大持水量的80%设为正常对照(CK1),基质最大持水量的40%设为干旱对照(CK2);在干旱胁迫下,设施用1.0 g/L褪黑素(MT1.0)、壳聚糖微粒(MP)和含褪黑素0.5、1.0、1.5 g/L的褪黑素壳聚糖微粒(MP-MT0.5、MP-MT1.0、MP-MT1.5),共7个处理。在处理后第8天,取样分析小麦幼苗株高、干重、鲜重、叶片SPAD值、根系生长、抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量。  【结果】  当褪黑素投入量为5 mg时MP-MT对褪黑素的包封率最稳定,为52.14%,之后的相关试验均以该比例制备的褪黑素壳聚糖微粒(MP-MT)作为试验材料。通过SEM照片发现,MP-MT微粒粒径相较于壳聚糖微粒增加且表面变粗糙。MP-MT微粒FTIR结果同时检测出现了壳聚糖、褪黑素等组分的特征峰,表明褪黑素在微粒中存在。模拟释放试验结果表明,MP-MT在pH 5.0和pH 7.0磷酸缓冲溶液下36 h的释放率分别为65.43%、50.13%。模拟光降解试验表明,可见光照射4 h时MP-MT中褪黑素的光降解率较普通MT降低了143.37%。小麦幼苗干旱胁迫试验结果表明,与MT1.0处理相比,3个MP-MT处理的小麦幼苗干重增加4.50%～22.73%,根系长度增加15.92%～32.56%,过氧化酶活性提高19.56%～20.34%,丙二醛含量降低9.77%～12.30% (P<0.05)。  【结论】  壳聚糖/三聚磷酸钠/果胶的褪黑素封装体系可以实现褪黑素的缓释和保活,显著提高干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗SPAD值,促进根系发育,提高抗氧化酶活性,从而提高小麦幼苗抗旱性。     

控释肥配施玉米秸秆对麦季土壤酶活性及养分的影响

为了探究控释尿素掺混肥与玉米秸秆长期互作对麦季土壤酶活性和土壤养分状况的影响,基于华北平原棕壤区小麦—玉米轮作8年定位施肥试验,对比研究了玉米秸秆还田(S)与不还田条件下施用控释尿素掺混肥(CRF)与普通尿素掺混肥(BBF)对麦季土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响。结果表明:秸秆不还田条件下,CRF处理较BBF处理显著提高土壤中性磷酸酶(返青期和成熟期)、蔗糖酶(返青期和孕穗期)和纤维素酶(返青期和孕穗期)活性及成熟期有机质、硝态氮和有效磷含量,其中,成熟期中性磷酸酶活性显著提高29.6%,硝态氮含量显著提高34.8%。秸秆还田条件下,BBF+S处理成熟期脲酶、纤维素酶,孕穗期中性磷酸酶活性显著高于CRF+S处理,其他时期2种类型掺混肥土壤酶活性无显著差异。CRF+S处理成熟期土壤全氮、有机质、硝态氮和有效磷含量显著高于BBF+S处理。氮肥种类和玉米秸秆还田的交互作用对土壤中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性及土壤全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量影响显著,秸秆还田较不还田处理显著提高中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性、速效钾和有效磷含量。综上表明,玉米秸秆还田和不还田条件下控释尿素掺混肥较普通尿素掺混肥处理均能显著增加土壤有机质含量,提高小麦后期速效氮磷养分的供应强度和供应容量,其中玉米秸秆还田配施控释尿素掺混肥处理在提高土壤酶活性和土壤养分方面表现最优。研究结果可为秸秆还田下氮肥优化施用提供理论依据。     

陇东黑垆土区冬小麦肥料利用率研究

为探明平凉市黑垆土区测土配方施肥方式、机械施肥方式及配施生物有机肥下冬小麦肥料利用率,提高当地冬小麦生产的肥料利用率,实现化肥减量和小麦增产。进行了测土配方施肥、机械施肥、配施生物有机肥等冬小麦氮磷钾肥利用率试验,结果表明,测土配方施肥方式、机械施肥方式及配施生物有机肥均能够更好地促进冬小麦对氮磷钾养分的吸收,从而提高冬小麦的产量,其中配施生物有机肥对促进冬小麦增产,提高氮肥、磷肥利用率效果较好,而测土配方施肥对提高钾肥利用率效果较好。通过对各试点冬小麦籽粒产量、秸秆产量及其养分分类归并,应用肥料利用率计算方法得出,平凉市冬小麦生产中氮肥、磷肥、钾肥平均利用率分别为40.57%、20.61%、61.06%。