乳牛口服过量维生素A对维生素D3及钙磷代谢的影响

从北京郊区某农场选取１０头健康成年黑白花乳牛，随机分为试验（５头，每周每头口服维生素Ａ１００万单位）和对照（５头，不作任何处理）两组。８周以后检测发现，试验组血清钙和无机磷水平呈下降趋势；尾椎骨皮质变薄，密度下降，呈现骨质吸收现象；血清碱性磷酸酶显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）；其活性代谢产物２５－羟维生素Ｄ３（２５－ＯＨ－Ｄ３）极显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）；１，２５－二羟维生素Ｄ３［１，２５－（ＯＨ）２－     

腾格里沙漠南缘唐古特白刺克隆分株生长格局及枝系构型分析简

 选取腾格里沙漠南缘景泰点（ＪＢＤＺ）、古浪点（ＧＭＬＴ）和民勤点（ＭＱＱＦ）及对照点兰州（ＬＺＮＳ）天然分布的唐古特白刺克隆种群,结合统计检验和分形理论分析研究唐古特白刺克隆分株生长格局及枝系构型的环境异质性。结果表明,唐古特白刺表现出较为明显的形态可塑性,克隆分株存在显著差异,随着水分梯度递减,分株间距逐渐增大,对照点ＬＺＮＳ分株各指标普遍高于沙漠南缘三地,分株克隆生长格局呈现密集型,ＭＱＱＦ 分株克隆生长格局有一定的游击趋势。克隆整合使得唐古特白刺克隆种群枝系构型表现复杂,ＬＺＮＳ的各级分枝角最小,ＭＱＱＦ最大;枝径比波动大,ＬＺＮＳ各级枝径比普遍最大,ＭＱＱＦ最小;ＬＺＮＳ唐古特白刺克隆植株总体分枝率和逐步分枝率均显著高于ＭＱＱＦ,但与ＪＢＤＺ和ＧＭＬＴ 差异不大;枝系分枝强度和各分维数表现较为一致,均以ＬＺＮＳ较大,沙漠南缘三地则表现出随水分梯度递减,白刺克隆植株分维数逐渐下降,枝系的空间格局趋于简单。研究表明在水分条件差的生境,唐古特白刺克隆种群获取资源的主要对策是,分株间距增加,分枝角度加大,而分枝强度变小,克隆生长格局趋于游击型,利于基株跨越和逃离逆境以获取水分。     

羊驼视网膜组织学结构

用光镜观察了羊驼视网膜的组织学结构,以及3级神经元的细胞胞核层数及胞核特点。结果表明:羊驼视网膜结构与昼行性的哺乳动物的视网膜结构相似,但米勒细胞较明显、水平细胞为一层、内网层细胞很厚等形成了羊驼视网膜结构的特性,显示了羊驼视网膜结构和机能与其行为学特性的一致性。     

类胡萝卜素在水产饲料中的应用

<正>随着我国水产养殖业的发展,人们对养殖鱼虾的品质要求也越来越高,色泽是影响水产品商品价格和观赏价值的重要因素。水产动物本身不能合成类胡萝卜素,必须从食物中摄取,因此,需要在饲料中添加类胡萝卜素作为着色剂。本文就近几年来国内外在水产动物上使用类胡萝卜素做为着色剂的研究成果做一综述。     

Pharmacokinetics of mequindox and one of its major metabolites in chickens after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration

Pharmacokinetics of mequindox and one of its major metabolites (M) was determined in chickens after intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and oral administration of mequindox at a single dose of 10 (i.v. and i.m.) or 20 mg/kg b.w. (oral). Plasma concentration profiles were analyzed by a non-compartmental pharmacokinetic method. Following i.v., i.m. and oral administration, the areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-∞)) were 0.71±0.15, 0.67±0.21, 0.25±0.10 μg h/mL (mequindox) and 37.24±7.98, 36.40±9.16, 86.39±16.01 μg h/mL (M), respectively. The terminal elimination half-lives (t(1/2λz)) were determined to be 0.15±0.06, 0.21±0.09, 0.49±0.23 h (mequindox) and 5.36±0.86, 5.39±0.52, 5.22±0.35 h (M), respectively. The bioavailabilities (F) of mequindox were 89.4% and 16.6% for i.m. and oral administration. Steady-state distribution volume (V(ss)) of 1.20±0.34 L/kg and total body clearance (Cl(B)) of 13.57±2.16 L/kg h were determined for mequindox after i.v. dosing. After single i.m. and oral administration, peak plasma concentrations (C(max)) of 3.04±1.32, 0.36±0.13 μg/mL (mequindox) and 3.81±0.92, 5.99±1.16 μg/mL (M) were observed at t(max) of 0.08±0.02, 0.32±0.12 h (mequindox) and 0.66±0.19, 6.67±1.03 h (M), respectively. The results showed that mequindox was rapidly absorbed after i.m. or p.o. administration and most of mequindox was transformed to metabolites in chickens, with much higher C(max)s and AUCs of metabolite (M) than those of mequindox in plasma.     

Ghrelin对雌激素诱导小鼠胸腺萎缩过程中细胞因子及凋亡相关蛋白基因表达的影响

应用光镜和实时定量PCR技术研究了Ghrelin对雌激素诱导小鼠胸腺萎缩过程中胸腺形态学以及部分细胞因子和凋亡相关蛋白基因表达的影响。结果显示,注射Ghrelin后,雌激素诱导的小鼠萎缩胸腺在形态学上基本恢复到正常水平,胸腺中IL-6、TGF-[31、Caspase3、FADDmRNA含量显著降低,Caspase9、FasLmRNA含量略为下降,而IL-7、Bcl-2mRNA含量有所上升。结果表明,Ghrelin可能通过促进胸腺上皮细胞的增殖以及阻断Caspase级联程序和Fas／FasL凋亡信号通路抑制胸腺细胞的凋亡,从而逆转雌激素诱导的小鼠胸腺萎缩。     

犬瘟热、犬细小病毒胶体金二联检测卡研制

本研究通过细胞融合、间接ELISA方法筛选出4株可稳定分泌犬瘟热病毒(canine distemper virus,CDV)和犬细小病毒(canine parvovirus,CPV)单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,以此为基础研制了一种可同时检测CDV和CPV的胶体金二联检测卡,并对其特异性、灵敏度及准确性进行了测试。结果显示：4株杂交瘤细胞可稳定传代,分泌的单克隆抗体纯度高,效价均在1:320以上。制备的胶体金二联检测卡特异性强,只与CDV和CPV产生特异性条带,而不与其他犬类病毒反应;灵敏度高,最低检测限可达到10²拷贝/μL;准确性好,与荧光定量PCR结果的符合率高于88.0%,与市面上单一病毒检测卡的符合率高于97.2%。结果表明,本研究制备的CDV、CPV胶体金二联检测卡特异性强、灵敏度高、准确性好,兼具操作简便、肉眼可判读、结果易保存和无需特殊仪器设备等优势,可用于两种疾病的临床快速诊断和大规模检测工作。     

多变小冠花中β－硝基丙酸含量的研究

对不同品种小冠花在不同生长年限、不同发育阶段和不同器官及不同生长年限的β－硝基丙酸含量进行了研究。结果表明：不同品种β－硝基丙酸含量是不相同的，一年生含量范围为１８．３～２３；１ｍｇ／ｇ，二年生含量范围为２２．３～３５．９ｍｇ／ｇ。在不同发育阶段以盛花期含量最高。器官中以青荚果含量最高，根中含量最低。以上的结果为小冠花的毒性研究和小冠花的利用提供了科学依据。     

中国荷斯坦牛干奶期长度的群体特征及其与生产性能的关系

本研究旨在探究北京地区中国荷斯坦牛干奶期长度（DPL）的变化规律及其变异对奶牛各项生产性能的影响,包括产奶性能、繁殖性能、初乳品质和乳房健康。收集了北京地区34个牧场出生于2009—2018年136 231头中国荷斯坦牛的干奶日期、生产性能记录、繁殖性能记录等。通过整理试验牛群的干奶记录,揭示了北京地区中国荷斯坦牛1胎和2胎DPL的群体规律,利用固定模型分析了胎次、产犊季节、场-产犊年和初产月龄对DPL的影响;此外,利用固定模型分析了DPL的变异对日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、首末次配种间隔（interval from first to last insemination,IFL）、产犊至首次配种间隔（interval from calving to first insemination,ICF）和初乳品质的影响,利用Logistic回归过程分析了DPL的变异对首次配种受胎率（conception rate of first insemination,CR）、首次配种56 d不返情率（56-days non-return rate of first insemination,NRR56）、难产率和乳房健康的影响。研究结果显示,北京地区中国荷斯坦牛DPL平均为58.81 d,胎次、产犊季节、场-产犊年和初产月龄均对DPL有显著影响（P<0.05）。DPL的变异对日产奶量、乳蛋白率、ICF、CR、NRR56、难产率和乳房健康有显著影响（P<0.05）。干奶期短的奶牛测定日平均乳蛋白率、CR和NRR56更高;DPL适中的奶牛测定日平均产奶量更高、乳房健康水平更好、ICF更短、难产率更低。本研究在国内利用大规模牛群数据揭示了中国荷斯坦牛DPL的群体规律,可为中国规模化奶牛场提升管理水平提供参考。     

Compensatory feeding during early gestation for sows with a high weight loss after a summer lactation increased piglet birth weight but reduced litter size

Sows mated in summer produce a greater proportion of born-light piglets (<1.1 kg) which contributes to increased carcass fatness in the progeny population. The reasons for the low birth weight of these piglets remain unclear, and there have been few successful mitigation strategies identified. We hypothesized that: 1) the low birth weight of progeny born to sows mated in summer may be associated with weight loss during the previous summer lactation; and 2) increasing early gestation feed allowance for the sows with high lactational weight loss in summer can help weight recovery and improve progeny birth weight. Sows were classified as having either low (av. 1%) or high (av. 7%) lactational weight loss in their summer lactation. All the sows with low lactational weight loss (LLStd) and half of the sows with high lactational weight loss received a standard gestation feeding regime (HLStd) (2.6 kg/d; day 0–30 gestation), whereas the rest of the sows with high lactational weight loss received a compensatory feed allowance (HLComp) (3.5 kg/d; day 0–30 gestation). A comparison of LLStd (n = 75) versus HLStd sows (n = 78) showed that this magnitude of weight loss over summer lactation did not affect the average piglet or litter birth weight, but such results may be influenced by the higher litter size (P = 0.030) observed in LLStd sows. A comparison of HLStd versus HLComp (n = 81) sows showed that the compensatory feeding increased (P = 0.021) weight gain of gestating sows by 6 kg, increased (P = 0.009) average piglet birth weight by 0.12 kg, tended to reduce (P = 0.054) the percentage of born-light piglets from 23.5% to 17.1% but reduced the litter size by 1.4 (P = 0.014). A subgroup of progeny stratified as born-light (0.8–1.1 kg) or -normal (1.3–1.7 kg) from each sow treatment were monitored for growth performance from weaning until 100 kg weight. The growth performance and carcass backfat of progeny were not affected by sow treatments. Born-light progeny had lower feed intake, lower growth rate, higher G:F, and higher carcass backfat than born-normal progeny (all P < 0.05). In summary, compensatory feeding from day 0 to 30 gestation in the sows with high weight loss during summer lactation reduced the percentage of born-light progeny at the cost of a lower litter size, which should improve growth rate and carcass leanness in the progeny population born to sows with high lactational weight loss.