降水预测的对数马尔可夫模型及其在盐池县沙地中的应用

中长期降水量的预测是气象科学的一个难点问题，也是水文学中的一个重要问题。建立对数马尔可夫模型预测降水量，弥补了传统的马尔可夫模型降水预测中峰值的不准确性，提高了预测精度，并用宁夏盐池县气象站43a的降水资料进行了验证。结果表明，模型预测精度较高，为半干旱风沙区中长期降水量预报提供了一条简便可行的途径。     

Partial replacement of Fe(o,o‐EDDHA) by humic substances for Fe nutrition and fruit quality of citrus

The most widely used Iron (Fe) fertilizer in calcareous soils is the synthetic chelate Fe(o,o‐EDDHA). However, humic substances are occasionally combined with Fe chelates in drip irrigation systems in order to lower costs. We investigated the effect of various mixtures of Fe(o,o‐EDDHA) and a commercially available humic substance on Fe availability in a calcareous soil from Murcia, Spain (in vitro experiment) and on leaf Fe content and fruit‐quality attributes of Citrus macrophylla (field experiment). In the in vitro experiment, a calcareous soil was incubated for 15 d with solutions of sole Fe(o,o‐EDDHA) and humic substance and of a mixture of humic substance and Fe(o,o‐EDDHA) to determine the dynamics of available Fe. While the mixture did not significantly increase the available soil Fe, it did decrease the rate of Fe retention in the surface soil compared to sole Fe(o,o‐EDDHA). In the field experiment, the substitution in the application solution of 67% of Fe(o,o‐EDDHA) by commercial humic substance increased leaf P in lemon trees from 0.19% with sole Fe(o,o‐EDDHA) to 0.30% and leaf Fe from 94 mg kg^–1 to 115 mg kg^–1. Some quality parameters like vitamin C content and peel thickness were also improved with a partial substitution of Fe(o,o‐EDDHA) by humic substances. We conclude that a partial substitution of commercial Fe chelates by humic substance can improve crop Fe uptake and may thus be economically attractive. The underlying physiological mechanisms and ecological implications require further studies.     

横断山北部土壤钾素的区域分布特征

横断山北部是我国地理环境独特和生物多样性最丰富的地区之一，其生态恢复与重建对整个长江流域的水土流失治理及生态安全具有重要的现实意义，故一直受到国内外学术界的高度关注。但由于近40年来人类活动和气候环境的变化，其林木蓄积量大幅度减少，水土流失日趋严重，生态环境破碎化，部分野生动植物资源已濒临灭绝，已有研究表明属生态脆弱区。尽管该区实施退耕还林工程和天然林保护工程已四年，但因该区域有关生态环境（包括土壤钾素养分等）的基础研究资料较少，生态重建进度仍很缓慢。     

Hydroxytyrosol 4-beta-D-glucoside,an important phenolic compound in olive fruits and derived products

There is increasing interest in olive polyphenols because of their biological properties as well as their contribution to the color, taste, and shelf life of olive products. However, some of these compounds remain unidentified. It has been shown that hydroxytyrosol 4-beta-D-glucoside (4-beta-D-glucosyl-3-hydroxyphenylethanol) coeluted with hydroxytyrosol [(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol] under reversed phase conditions in the phenolic chromatograms of olive pulp, vegetation water, and pomace of olive oil processing. A method to separate this compound from hydroxytyrosol by HPLC has been developed. The concentration of this glucoside increased in olive pulp with maturation and could be the main phenolic compound in mature olives. In contrast, the presence of this compound was not detected in olive oil by using HPLC-MS. The compound must be considered both in table olives and olive oil processing because of its glucose and hydroxytyrosol contribution to these products.     

Polyphenol changes during fermentation of naturally black olives

The individual evolution of phenolic compounds has been studied during the natural fermentation of black olives for the first time. Cyanidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside were the main anthocyanins identified in fresh olives, and they were not detected after 1 month of storage either in brine or in olive. The fruit colors were different when aerobic or anaerobic conditions were used and as a consequence of the different anthocyanin polymerizations that took place. At time zero, the polyphenols observed in the olive juice were hydroxytyrosol-4-beta-glucoside, oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, salidroside, and verbascoside and, after 12 months, the main phenol was hydroxytyrosol. The polyphenol content in the oil phase of olives was also analyzed. The dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, oleuropein aglycon, and ligstroside aglycon were the main compounds found at the beginning of fermentation but were not detected after 3 months. In contrast, hydroxytyrosol, hydroxytyrosol acetate, tyrosol, and tyrosol acetate were the main polyphenols detected in the oil phase of the final product. The acid hydrolysis of the initial glucosides (in olive juice) and the aglycons (in oil phase) was, therefore, the main reaction that took place during fermentation.     

毛管逆滤渗污水净化反应器原理研究及室内试验验证

污水回用是解决城市缺水问题的一条有效途径。该文提出了一种新方法，尝试利用多孔介质毛细管作用过滤生活污水。制造了4个毛管逆滤渗污水净化器，采用普通河砂作为过滤介质进行了室内试验。试验采用两个因素：水势差、滤池内外径比。水势差选取4个水平：0.11、0.26、0.41、0.56 m，外层与内层水池直径比选取3个水平：14/6、12/6、10/6，以研究利用毛细管作用净化污水的可行性，并定量确定水势差及内外层水池的相对大小对该系统运行效果的影响。用反应器去除污水COD的多少来评价过滤效果。结果表明，过滤速度及净化效果与水势差之间呈极显著的对数相关关系，两者都随着水势差的增大而提高。当水势差为0.56 m时，COD的去除率可高达80%左右，过滤速度可以高达0.15 m/h。外层与内层水池的直径比(D/d)越大滤速越小,但该比值对COD的去除率无明显影响。该装置在运行过程中，污水被过滤介质所覆盖，有效地避免了污水的刺激性气味和蚊蝇孳生对周边环境的影响。     

Lead dietary intake in a Spanish population (Canary Islands)

For most people diet is the main route of exposure to trace metals, so information about dietary intake is also important to assess risks to human health for these elements. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of Pb in the foods and drinks of highest consumption in the authors' our community to estimate daily intakes of Pb for each of the seven Canary Islands. Four hundred and twenty samples were analyzed using GFAAS. The total Pb intake of the Canarian population is 72.8 microg/day, 29.12% (for a person of 70 kg body weight) of the provisional tolerable weekly intake limit of 25 microg/kg fixed by the FAO/WHO. The island that presents the highest lead intake is La Gomera, followed by Lanzarote, Tenerife, and Gran Canaria islands. These four islands present a lead dietary intake over the mean Pb intake for the whole archipelago. The islands with lower Pb intakes are La Palma and Fuerteventura, with intakes under 70 microg/day. These results have also been compared with the values found for other national and international communities.     

生态系统服务价值在土地利用规划中的应用

生态系统服务价值在理论、评价尺度、核算方法等方面的研究取得了很大的进展,但其结果的应用方面研究较少,以河北省易县为例,将生态系统服务价值应用到土地利用规划的生态效益定量研究中,这对维持生态平衡,采取合理的土地利用方式,建立可持续的土地利用模式具有指导意义。依据易县1997年、2001年和2010年的3期土地利用规划数据,估算了土地利用规划所引起的易县及其28个乡镇的生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明,易县的生态系统服务价值从1997年的16.87×108元增加到2010年的20.06×108元,增加值为3.20×108元,总生态系统服务价值每年增长率为1.46%。土地利用变化的生态价值呈上升趋势,表明该区的土地利用规划基本是合理的,土地利用规划在取得经济效益的同时,又提高了土地利用的生态效益;但此规划还存在一些不足,如未利用土地面积占的比例较大,应对此规划进行修改,提高土地利用的生态效益。     

西安地区不同植被下土壤含水量及水分恢复研究

通过大量土壤样品采集和室内水分测定，对西安地区极端降水前后不同植被下0～6m土壤水分含量及其水分恢复进行了研究。结果表明，西安地区杨树林、法国梧桐林和中国梧桐林下大约1．5～4m深度范围内土壤含水量分别为9．3％，9．0％和9．7％，土壤干层已存在，干层厚度约2．5m。麦地和草地下0～6m未出现土壤干层。丰水年极端降水后土壤干层消失，水分得到很好的恢复，原来的土壤干层所在层位恢复后的水分含量明显高予其上部和下部。发育弱的土壤干层并未影响到人工林的正常生长，说明在西安或与西安地区类似降雨量的黄土高原其他地区，种植高大的乔木林是可行的，但应避免更为严重的土壤干层出现。     

小麦和土壤中环丙唑醇残留消解动态及膳食摄入评估

为评价环丙唑醇在小麦生产上应用的安全性,通过建立乙腈提取、氮磷检测器检测方法对小麦籽粒、植株和土壤样品中环丙唑醇的残留量进行检测,研究了小麦籽粒、植株和土壤中环丙唑醇的残留及其消解动态,并对小麦中的残留量进行风险评估。结果表明,环丙唑醇在小麦籽粒、植株及土壤空白样品中的添加回收率为79.2%~95.6%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~10.0%,最小检出量为8.2×10?12 g,在小麦籽粒、植株及土壤中的最低检测浓度均为0.05 mg·kg?1,乙腈提取、氮磷检测器检测方法重现性好,准确度、精密度高,可满足环丙唑醇在小麦上的残留分析要求。2010年和2011年,河南省、黑龙江省和江苏省3地环丙唑醇在小麦植株和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为3.0~5.5 d、18.1~34.5 d;不同施药次数、施药量及采样间隔,环丙唑醇在小麦籽粒中的最终残留量均≤0.415 mg·kg?1。采收间隔期为14 d和21 d时,不同施药次数、施药剂量和采收间隔期,环丙唑醇在小麦植株、小麦籽粒和土壤中的残留量差异均不显著;采收间隔期为7 d,有效成分108 g?hm-2施药2次与有效成分162 g?hm-2施药3次时小麦植株、小麦籽粒和土壤中的残留量之间均存在显著性差异。普通人群环丙唑醇的国家估算每日摄入量为0.000 109 9 mg,占日允许摄入量的0.5%左右,按本试验方式进行施药,通常不会对一般人群健康产生不可接受的风险。