Lead dietary intake in a Spanish population (Canary Islands)

For most people diet is the main route of exposure to trace metals, so information about dietary intake is also important to assess risks to human health for these elements. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of Pb in the foods and drinks of highest consumption in the authors' our community to estimate daily intakes of Pb for each of the seven Canary Islands. Four hundred and twenty samples were analyzed using GFAAS. The total Pb intake of the Canarian population is 72.8 microg/day, 29.12% (for a person of 70 kg body weight) of the provisional tolerable weekly intake limit of 25 microg/kg fixed by the FAO/WHO. The island that presents the highest lead intake is La Gomera, followed by Lanzarote, Tenerife, and Gran Canaria islands. These four islands present a lead dietary intake over the mean Pb intake for the whole archipelago. The islands with lower Pb intakes are La Palma and Fuerteventura, with intakes under 70 microg/day. These results have also been compared with the values found for other national and international communities.     

生态系统服务价值在土地利用规划中的应用

生态系统服务价值在理论、评价尺度、核算方法等方面的研究取得了很大的进展,但其结果的应用方面研究较少,以河北省易县为例,将生态系统服务价值应用到土地利用规划的生态效益定量研究中,这对维持生态平衡,采取合理的土地利用方式,建立可持续的土地利用模式具有指导意义。依据易县1997年、2001年和2010年的3期土地利用规划数据,估算了土地利用规划所引起的易县及其28个乡镇的生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明,易县的生态系统服务价值从1997年的16.87×108元增加到2010年的20.06×108元,增加值为3.20×108元,总生态系统服务价值每年增长率为1.46%。土地利用变化的生态价值呈上升趋势,表明该区的土地利用规划基本是合理的,土地利用规划在取得经济效益的同时,又提高了土地利用的生态效益;但此规划还存在一些不足,如未利用土地面积占的比例较大,应对此规划进行修改,提高土地利用的生态效益。     

西安地区不同植被下土壤含水量及水分恢复研究

通过大量土壤样品采集和室内水分测定，对西安地区极端降水前后不同植被下0～6m土壤水分含量及其水分恢复进行了研究。结果表明，西安地区杨树林、法国梧桐林和中国梧桐林下大约1．5～4m深度范围内土壤含水量分别为9．3％，9．0％和9．7％，土壤干层已存在，干层厚度约2．5m。麦地和草地下0～6m未出现土壤干层。丰水年极端降水后土壤干层消失，水分得到很好的恢复，原来的土壤干层所在层位恢复后的水分含量明显高予其上部和下部。发育弱的土壤干层并未影响到人工林的正常生长，说明在西安或与西安地区类似降雨量的黄土高原其他地区，种植高大的乔木林是可行的，但应避免更为严重的土壤干层出现。     

潋水河流域生态修复过程中土壤速效钾的时空变异

采用基于GIS普通克里格法和概率克里格法分析江西潋水河流域土壤速效钾含量的时空变异特征。结果表明,潋水河流域样点间表层(0～30cm)土壤速效钾平均含量由1981年的(134 8±89 7)mg/kg降低到2002年的(131 9±97 6)mg/kg,平均降低了2 15%。尽管经过近21年的生态修复,样点间土壤速效钾平均含量总体上下降不多,但因土地利用和水土流失修复工程实施的差异,占流域面积60 63%的土壤速效钾含量减少,仅占39 37%的土壤速效钾含量增加。土壤速效钾含量分级统计表明,1981年速效钾含量水平在50～100mg/kg,100～150mg/kg,150～200mg/kg和>200mg/kg的土壤分别占流域面积的10 35%,75 31%,11 78%和2 56%,而2002年则相应为30 75%,49 31%,16 60%和3 31%。该流域土壤速效钾在≤100mg/kg,≤120mg/kg和>150mg/kg含量水平下的几何平均概率分别由1981年的0 453,0 566和0 327变为2002年的0 523,0 611和0 292。从贮量变化上看,21年间潋水河流域内表层土壤速效钾贮量从1981年的2 48×104t变为2002年的2 30×104t,下降了1875 35t。     

Adsorption of pesticides from water by functionalized organobentonites

Replacement of natural inorganic cations of clay minerals with organic cations has been proposed as a strategy to improve the adsorptive capacity of clay minerals for organic compounds, including pesticides. The organic cations most commonly used for this purpose have been quaternary ammonium ions containing alkyl or aryl chains without specific functional groups. In this work, we evaluated the ability of two bentonites (SWy-2 and SAz-1) exchanged with four natural organic cations containing diverse functional groups (L-carnitine, L-cysteine ethyl ester, L-cystine dimethyl ester, and thiamine) as adsorbents of pesticides varying in their chemical structures (simazine, hexazinone, triadimefon, alachlor, carbaryl, and imazethapyr). For comparison purposes, the adsorptive properties of two "classical" organobentonites, hexadecyltrimethylammonium- and phenyltrimethylammonium-exchanged bentonites, were also determined. Most organobentonites displayed higher affinity for the pesticides than the untreated bentonites, but the improvement in adsorption capacity varied depending on the characteristics of the pesticide and the interlayer organic cation. Triadimefon, carbaryl, and imazethapyr displayed the highest affinity for carnitine (K(f) = 229-2377)-, thiamine (K(f) = 83-354)-, and cystine (K(f) = 96-100)-treated bentonites, respectively, whereas alachlor was adsorbed similarly by all organobentonites. In general, pesticide adsorption-desorption hysteresis was greater for adsorbents with the highest adsorption capacities. The results demonstrate that selective modification of smectitic clay minerals with natural organic cations containing appropriate functional groups can be a useful strategy to improve their performance for the removal of specific pesticides from the environment.     

Gas chromatography-olfactometry and chemical quantitative study of the aroma of six premium quality spanish aged red wines

The aroma of six premium quality Spanish red wines has been studied by quantitative gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and techniques of quantitative chemical analysis. The GC-O study revealed the presence of 85 aromatic notes in which 78 odorants were identified, two of which-1-nonen-3-one (temptatively) and 2-acetylpyrazine-are reported in wine for the first time. Forty out of the 82 quantified odorants may be present at concentrations above their odor threshold. The components with the greatest capacity to introduce differences between these wines are ethyl phenols produced by Brettanomyces yeasts (4-ethylphenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, and 4-propyl-2-methoxyphenol), 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (furaneol), (Z)-3-hexenol, thiols derived from cysteinic precursors (4-methyl-4-mercaptopentan-2-one, 3-mercaptohexyl acetate, and 3-mercaptohexanol), some components yielded by the wood [(E)-isoeugenol, 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol, vanillin, 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol), and (Z)-whiskylactone], and compounds related to the metabolism (2-phenylethanol, ethyl esters of isoacids, 3-methylbutyl acetate) or oxidative degradation of amino acids [phenylacetaldehyde and 4,5-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (sotolon)]. The correlation between the olfactometric intensities and the quantitative data is, in general, satisfactory if olfactometric differences between the samples are high. However, GC-O fails in detecting quantitative differences in those cases in which the olfactive intensity is very high or if odors elute in areas in which the odor chromatogram is too complex.     

Gas chromatographic quantification of major volatile compounds and polyols in wine by direct injection

Methanol, propanol, isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, acetaldehyde, 1,1-diethoxyethane, acetoin, ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, and ethyl succinate and the polyols 2,3-butanediol (levo and meso forms) and glycerol were quantified by direct injection of wine samples. Linear responses over the usual concentration ranges for these compounds and r2 values from 0.9932 to 0.9998 were obtained. The confidence limits for the mean values ranged from 2.34% for diethyl succinate to 8.52% for 1,1-diethoxyethane, both at a probability level of 0.05. Relative errors ranged from 8 to 10% for the polyols and 1,1-diethoxyethane and were all less than 5% for alcohols and acetaldehyde. The proposed method is useful with a view to identifying relationships between alcoholic fermentation byproducts and controlling biological or chemical aging in wines.     

Recent progress in conservation of threatened Spanish vascular flora: a critical review

The transfer of legal responsibilities from the Central Government to the Autonomous Communities ended a tradition of paying little attention to endangered Spanish flora. The studies undertaken to implement the European Natura 2000 network, and to prepare regional ‘Red Data Books’ and lists of protected flora offered a much better view of which species were really at risk. As a consequence, a growing number of botanists is now involved in different aspects of conservation biology. The recent publication of a new Spanish Red List of vascular flora has provided the groundwork for the so-called ‘Threatened Flora Atlas’ project, which will update and homogenise the information on 500 taxa at risk. This project will produce a new Spanish Red Book and monitor the status of 40 selected species. The Spanish strategy for plant conservation is discussed, pointing out some deficiencies, such as the neglect of non-vascular taxa, the uneven and sometimes uncoordinated local policies and the uncertain future of some current initiatives.     

基于ArcGIS的水资源评价系统的开发与应用——以迁安市水资源评价为例

指出了GIS在水资源管理中缺乏专业模型支持的缺陷,结合迁安市水资源评价,阐述了基于ArcGIS的水资源评价系统开发的环境、模式等关键技术,构建了以ArcGIS ArcObjects组建库为平台,耦合图层编辑、空间分析、专题图制作等GIS通用功能和降水分析、资源量评价等专业应用功能为一体的水资源评价系统。     

不同间伐方式对密植苹果园生理生态的影响

为了选择最适宜黄土高原成龄‘红富士’苹果郁闭园采用的间伐方式,本文以18年生‘红富士’苹果树为试验材料,研究了隔行间伐(T1)、隔株间伐(T2)、隔2伐1(T3)等3种间伐方式对‘红富士’果园光照分布、叶片质量、叶片结构、果实分布、品质、产量及效益等的影响。结果表明:与未间伐对照(CK)相比,T1、T2和T3间伐方式株间透光率分别提高108.59%、191.98%和57.45%,行间透光率分别提高259.20%、220.11%和64.86%,冠下透光率分别提高102.80%、155.32%和37.43%,树冠光合有效辐射分别提高38.02%、45.18%和18.43%,单果重分别提高25.03%、34.83%和9.81%,着色指数分别提高6.00%、6.26%和3.30%,可溶性糖含量分别提高35.98%、39.14%和22.98%,果皮花青苷含量分别提高104.41%、101.47%和30.88%,可滴定酸含量分别降低15.38%、23.08%和17.95%。间伐有效改善了叶片的质量与结构,T1和T2显著提高了叶片的厚度、叶绿素含量、氮含量和钾含量;T2提高叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量的幅度最大;T2的叶片栅栏组织较其他处理的排列更整齐紧密。T1、T2及T3每公顷产量分别下降7 601.89 kg、5 219.45 kg及6 056.80 kg,但其产值分别增加14 959.54元、34 363.70元及9 081.13元,T2增加幅度最大,是郁闭果园改造的首选间伐方式。