创业、创新、创优农业科研院所的发展之路

文章结合党的十六届五中全会通过制定的“十一五”发展规划中提出解决“三农”问题,建设社会主义新农村,仍然是全党工作的重中之重,提出了农业科研院所的发展在于“三创”即:创业是发展的基础,创新是发展的手段,创优是发展的目标。     

静原鸡let-7a-5p的靶基因预测及组织表达分析

【目的】了解let-7a-5p的生物学信息,初步探索其在静原鸡肌肉组织中的功能作用。【方法】利用生物信息学方法对转录组测序获得的静原鸡let-7a-5p的成熟序列进行保守性分析,使用miRDB、TargetScan和miRanda在线软件预测let-7a-5p的靶基因,取其交集进行GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析,并利用实时荧光定量PCR检测let-7a-5p在静原鸡公鸡和母鸡各组织中的表达水平。【结果】let-7a-5p的成熟序列在各物种间高度保守,共预测得到38个基因集合。在生物过程、细胞组分和分子功能中靶基因富集较多的GO条目有细胞过程、生物调节、细胞、结合和催化活性;靶基因显著富集于聚酮糖单元生物合成、AGE-RAGE信号通路在糖尿病并发症中的作用、泛素介导的蛋白水解、TGF-β信号通路和加压素调节的水重吸收信号通路,且富集最多的是代谢途径、AGE-RAGE信号通路在糖尿病并发症中的作用、泛素介导的蛋白水解和MAPK信号通路。let-7a-5p-靶基因互作主要通过作用于靶mRNA的3′-UTR抑制表达或使其降解。组织表达发现,let-7a-5p在静原鸡公、母鸡的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、...     

Interactions between phosphorus availability and microbes in a wheat–maize double cropping system: A reduced fertilization scheme

Mechanisms controlling phosphorus(P) availability and the roles of microorganisms in the efficient utilization of soil P in the wheat–maize double cropping system are poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted a pot experiment for four consecutive wheat–maize seasons(2016–2018) using calcareous soils with high(30.36 mg kg^–1) and low(9.78 mg kg^–1) initial Olsen-P content to evaluate the effects of conventional P fertilizer application to both wheat and maize(Pwm) ...     

大蒜精油对灰茶尺蠖的室内毒力及田间防效

采用大蒜精油对灰荼尺蠖进行了室内及田间药效试验,结果表明大蒜精油对灰茶尺蠖的致死中浓度(LC50)为1038.60 mg/L,50％大蒜精油100～250倍液对灰荼尺蠖低龄幼虫具有良好的速效性和持效性,建议生产中可在灰茶尺蠖1～2龄幼虫发生期喷施100～250倍液大蒜精油.这一结果为开发大蒜精油作为茶树主要害虫的新型低...     

Cadmium‐induced changes in glutathione and phenolics of Thlaspi and Noccaea species differing in Cd accumulation

Glutathione (GSH) and phenolics play an important role in plant defense against metal‐ion toxicity. The antioxidant activity and metal‐binding capacity of these compounds can account for the protective effects. In contrast to animal‐cell models, however, the possible interplay among these substances in stress defense of plants is poorly investigated. This study compares the influence of cadmium (Cd) on the profiles of both soluble phenolics and GSH in shoots of different Thlaspi and Noccaea species: two ecotypes of the nonhyperaccumulator T. arvense differing in Cd resistance (ecotype Aigues Vives, Cd‐sensitive, and ecotype Jena, Cd‐resistant) and two Cd‐tolerant Cd‐Zn hyperaccumulators N. praecox and N. caerulescens (formerly Thlaspi praecox and T. caerulescens). To reveal the possible influence of Cd‐induced sulfur (S) shortage on the stress response, plants receiving normal S concentrations (500 μM MgSO₄) and plants treated with surplus S (500 μM MgSO₄ + 500 μM K₂SO₄) were analyzed. Our working hypothesis was that species differences in tolerance to high tissue Cd concentrations should be reflected by differences in endogenous levels of GSH and phenolic compounds. The results reveal clear species‐dependent differences in both the constitutive patterns and the Cd‐ and S‐induced changes in shoot concentrations of GSH and phenolics. However, no simple relationship between these shoot concentrations and Cd accumulation and tolerance can be established.     

玉米/蒜苗套作系统中土壤微生物和土壤酶状况分析

对玉米蒜苗套作根区进行隔膜、隔网和无隔处理以及各自单作处理,通过处理间的相互比较,分析影响套作产量的主要土壤因素。结果表明:套作蒜苗土壤微生物上升其主要原因是根系间的非接触物质交换;套作玉米除此外,地上部环境的改变也使根部土壤微生物数量上升。根系间的非接触效应还使蒜苗、玉米土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性提高,而环境因素的改变也使玉米过氧化氢酶,蒜苗脲酶活性提高。相关性分析表明:微生物对蒜苗根际土壤酶活性的影响大于对玉米土壤酶的影响。     

Diversity in White Lupin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lupinus albus</Emphasis> L.) Landraces from Northwest Iberianplateau

All the accessions (35) of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) landraces collected from northwest Iberian plateau and maintained at the Spanish germplasm collection (CRF of INIA), were studied with the general objective of assessing the biodiversity of these landraces and to ascertain their value as genetic resources for the development of germplasm adapted to the areas where they were collected with long and chilly winters. The characterization study comprised 51 qualitative and 50 quantitative characters. Quantitative parameters were analyzed by Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The 2-dimensional plot (49.3% of cumulative variability) formed a main group of accessions and 4 outliers (#1, #9, #27 and #28) separated in the first PC. The characters with a higher contribution to the first PC were inflorescence length, leaf petiole length and leaf central foliole area. The presence of alkaloids, the percentage of plants killed by soil borne fungal diseases, the phenology, the yield per plant and yield components were also assessed. Twenty six accessions (the main group in the PCA plot) showed high homogeneity, with the following highlights: bitterness, indeterminate growth habit, early ripeness and spring sowing with the exception of #18, in which seeding date is unknown and it had a later phenology. By contrast accessions #9 and #27 were bitter of autumn sowing with determinate growing habit and they had the longest values of primary inflorescence length and a later phenology when they were sown in spring. Average values for yield and yield components showed a broad range of variation between accessions. The main yield component was the number of pods per plant. Accession #22 had the highest mean seed mass, although this had not significant influence in yield. Accession #17 showed the highest yield and #1 the lowest. This last also had the lowest values of inflorescence length, leaf petiole length and leaf central foliole area. No significant differences of resistance to soil-borne fungi were found between accessions. The year had a significant effect in the phenology, yield and yield components except for number of seeds per pod. The studied material might be of interest for the development of spring sowing germplasm adapted to north Iberian peninsula.     

Usefulness of amino acid composition to discriminate between honeydew and floral honeys. Application to honeys from a small geographic area

With the aim of finding methods that could constitute a solid alternative to melissopalynological and physicochemical analyses to determine the botanical origin (floral or honeydew) of honeys, the free amino acid content of 46 honey samples has been determined. The honeys were collected in a small geographic area of approximately 2000 km(2) in central Spain. Twenty-seven honey samples were classified as floral and 19 as honeydew according to their palynological and physicochemical analyses. The resulting data have been subjected to different multivariant analysis techniques. One hundred percent of honey samples have been correctly classified into either the floral or the honeydew groups, according to their content in glutamic acid and tryptophan. It is concluded that free amino acids are good indicators of the botanical origin of honeys, saving time compared with more tedious analyses.     

Characterization of cider apples on the basis of their fatty acid profiles

In the current study, the fatty acids composition of 30 monovarietal apple juices from six cider apple varieties belonging to two categories was analyzed. The different apple juices were obtained from three consecutive harvests (1997, 1998, and 1999). The fatty acids concentration in apple juice together with chemometric techniques such as principal components analysis (PCA), soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), allowed us to differentiate apple juices on the basis of the sweet or sharp category to which the cider apple variety belongs. Fatty acids such as the unsaturated oleic and linoleic acids, and saturated caprylic, capric, stearic, and palmitic acids were related to the sweet cider apple category, while pentadecanoic acid is related to the sharp class.