Inheritance of race 1.2 Fusarium wilt resistance in four melon cultivars

The resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis (Fom) race 1.2 has been studied in melons, such as the Portuguese accession ‘BG-5384’ and in the Japanese ‘Shiro Uri Okayama’, ‘Kogane Nashi Makuwa’, and ‘C-211’, since a good characterization of the resistance is necessary before its introgression into commercial varieties. These four melon accessions showed a high level of resistance to races 0, 1, and 2 of Fom, indicating that the partial resistance to the race 1.2 previously detected may not have been race specific. To determine the mode of inheritance of the resistance to Fom race 1.2, the F₁, F₂, BCP_R, and BCP_S generations from the crosses between the four resistant accessions above and ‘Piel de Sapo’, a Fom race 1.2 susceptible melon, were developed. They were subsequently inoculated with two Fom isolates, one from the pathotype 1.2Y and the other from the pathotype 1.2W. The area under the disease progress curve was determined for each inoculated plant, and the data were analyzed. We show that the resistance seen in these accessions is polygenically inherited with a complex genetic control because many epistatic interactions were detected. The three epistatic effects; additivity × additivity, dominance × dominance, and dominance × additivity are present and significant, with differing magnitudes from one cross to the next. The relatively low heritabilities, and these epistatic effects make difficult the improvement of the resistance, from these sources, through a standard selection procedure.     

四川平武地区东方蜜蜂形态特征研究

 测定四川平武地区5个不同样点的15群东方蜜蜂（Apis cerana）的38个形态特征。同该地区的四川九寨沟、冕宁、西昌、会理以及甘肃岷县、临潭的东方蜜蜂的形态数据进行因素分析、主成分分析、聚类分析以及相关性分析。结果表明：这些地区的东方蜜蜂呈现3个主要类群。该地区东方蜜蜂的个体大小与海拔和纬度相关性显著,喙的颜色、小盾片的颜色和绒毛覆毛长度与海拔相关性显著。     

地方院校《细胞生物学实验》教学改革的探索与实践

怀化学院结合当地特色和实际情况,明确细胞生物学实验特色,合理设计实验项目,改进教学方法和手段,完善考核体系,配备高素质、高能力的实验教师,注重培养学生的综合实验能力,取得了较好的教学效果。     

喀斯特地区植烟土壤有效硼含量分布及其影响因素—— 以湘西州烟区为例

采集湘西州488个植烟土壤样本,采用传统统计学和地统计学方法分析了湘西州植烟土壤有效硼含量分布及其影响因素。结果表明：①湘西州植烟土壤有效硼含量总体上略偏高,平均值为0.728 mg/kg,变幅在0.05?～?2.21 mg/kg,变异系数为53.46%,处于适宜范围内的样本占30.00%。②植烟土壤有效硼含量在空间分布上呈斑块状分布态势,永顺县的西部为一个低值区,东部为一个高值区。③蔬菜和油菜前茬的土壤有效硼含量相对较高;黄棕壤土壤的有效硼含量极显著地高于红灰土和红壤土类型。④有效硼含量有随海拔、pH、土壤有机质含量升高而升高的趋势。     

Lignin-carbohydrate bonds in a residual soda spruce pulp lignin

Summary The behaviour of lignin-polysaccharide complex of spruce wood in soda pulping was studied by the characterization of lignin-saccharide fractions isolated from a series of soda pulps. The dioxane pulp lignins contain 8–14% of carbohydrates in which glucose was the predominant component. Its content increased with increasing degree of delignification indicating the formation of secondary lignin-carbohydrate linkage. Both glycosidic and ether type of bond between residual lignin and cellulose in pulp was proved by methylation analysis of the pulp dioxane lignin.The work was supported by the Slovak Academy of Sciences grant number 2/999389/92.     

精异丙甲草胺苗前封闭处理对大豆苗期生长及其生理生化指标的影响

为明确精异丙甲草胺苗前封闭处理对大豆苗期生长及其生理生化指标的影响,通过室内试验,测定大豆幼苗在不同浓度精异丙甲草胺处理后28 d的相关农艺性状及各生理生化指标。结果表明,1 224 g(a.i.)/hm~2精异丙甲草胺处理对大豆生长的促进效果最好,可使植株显著增高27.06%,根显著增长10.53%,茎叶鲜重显著增加35.62%、干重显著增加33.33%,根系鲜重显著增加70.45%。大豆叶片叶绿素含量随药剂浓度的增加而降低,但在383~1 530 g(a.i.)/hm~2内与对照无显著差异;各药剂处理浓度均可增强大豆叶片过氧化物酶活性,其中3 060 g(a.i.)/hm~2处理最高,比对照显著增强32.10%;在765、1 224 g(a.i.)/hm~2浓度下均可增强过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性,1 224 g(a.i.)/hm~2处理时分别比对照提高20.72%和2.88%。表明精异丙甲草胺苗前封闭处理在一定使用浓度范围内对大豆苗期植株生长有显著促进作用,对其叶绿素合成无显著影响,可有效提高抗氧化酶活性,是一种对大豆田环境友好且安全性高的除草剂。     

Mycobacterium bovis cultured from commercially pasteurized cows' milk: laboratory cross-contamination

The ability of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis to survive the commercial pasteurization process of raw milk remains controversial. In a study undertaken in Venezuela to culture M. paratuberculosis from commercially pasteurized cows' milk, 83-200 ml containers of milk were processed and cultured on Herrold's egg yolk slants. No M. paratuberculosis was cultured but a total of six colonies of Mycobacterium bovis were isolated from one container each from two different milk providers. Because laboratory cross-contamination was suspected, the laboratory records were reviewed and spoligotyping was carried out on the isolated individual colonies. On the day before these milk specimens were processed, the biological safety cabinet had been used for the isolation of M. bovis from lymph nodes from infected cattle. Spoligotyping showed that that the colonies isolated from the milk all had the same pattern as the strains isolated from the lymph nodes that were processed the previous day. As far as we know, this is the first report of cross-contamination in a veterinary mycobacterial laboratory. False-positive cultures in the mycobacterial laboratory are not rare. In this setting M. bovis was isolated because it is the most common manipulated organism in this laboratory. We believe that reports on the isolation of M. paratuberculosis from commercially pasteurized milk should exclude cross-contamination before reporting, especially when this organism is routinely isolated from animal material in the same lab.     

Do pine plantations provide mycorrhizal inocula for seedlings establishment in grasslands from Patagonia,Argentina?

We investigated if Pinus ponderosa plantations in Patagonia are able to produce viable mycorrhizal inocula towards adjacent grasslands, which only harbor endomycorrhizal vegetation. We hypothesized that these inocula have the potential to contribute to the establishment of naturally disseminated seedlings. Also, we determined the main fungal taxa involved in this process. Seven plantations in the onset of their reproductive phase and located in the Patagonian native forest/steppe ecotone (Argentina) were selected. Soil samplings were obtained at nine points along a 450 m long, W-E transect established in each plantation. Soil bioassays were performed in a greenhouse, with P. ponderosa seedlings acting as hosts for mycorrhizal inocula present in soil samples, during 12 months. Mycorrhization percentage, morphotype richness and morphotype composition was determined through morphological evaluation. Viable ecto- and ectendomycorrhizal inocula were found disseminated outside plantations. The amount of mycorrhizal inoculum followed a decreasing function with distance to plantation edges. Mycorrhizal fungal genus Rhizopogon and “E-strain” mycorrhizal types appeared as pioneering taxa regarding seedlings colonization, being the most persistent and frequent symbionts found. Plantations, thus, facilitate the surrounding terrain for newcoming seedlings through the dispersion of mycorrhizal fungal inocula.