土地利用方式对红枫湖入湖流域土壤团聚体磷含量及其形态的影响

以贵州省安顺市红枫湖入湖口4种典型土地利用方式（玉米地、菜园、林地及撂荒地）为研究对象,分别探讨了土地利用方式对0—15em和15～30cm两个层次土壤团聚体总磷含量及其形态的影响。结果表明,不同土地利用方式下,原状土壤及各粒级团聚体总磷含量均表现为玉米地〉菜园〉撂荒地〉林地。土壤各粒级团聚体磷形态含量以ResidualP、NaOH—P、NaHCO3-P为主,其中ResidualP在各土地利用方式中的含量均最高,变幅分别为玉米地28．3％～45．4％、林地61．1％-72．7％、菜园45．9％～53．0％、撂荒地52．1％-72．4％;玉米地和菜园土壤均表现为有机磷含量约为无机态含量的2倍;随团聚体粒径的减小,土壤对总磷含量的贡献率呈减少趋势,土壤团聚体对总磷含量贡献主要集中在5～2mm和2~0．5mm两个粒级中,贡献率均达77％以上,其中耕作土壤（玉米地、菜园）中5-2mm和2-0．5mm两个粒级团聚体中的磷是湖泊面源污染中磷素的主要贡献载体,也是造成湖泊富营养化的关键因素。     

喀斯特地区植烟土壤有效硼含量分布及其影响因素—— 以湘西州烟区为例

采集湘西州488个植烟土壤样本,采用传统统计学和地统计学方法分析了湘西州植烟土壤有效硼含量分布及其影响因素。结果表明：①湘西州植烟土壤有效硼含量总体上略偏高,平均值为0.728 mg/kg,变幅在0.05?～?2.21 mg/kg,变异系数为53.46%,处于适宜范围内的样本占30.00%。②植烟土壤有效硼含量在空间分布上呈斑块状分布态势,永顺县的西部为一个低值区,东部为一个高值区。③蔬菜和油菜前茬的土壤有效硼含量相对较高;黄棕壤土壤的有效硼含量极显著地高于红灰土和红壤土类型。④有效硼含量有随海拔、pH、土壤有机质含量升高而升高的趋势。     

适量有机肥与氮肥配施方可提高河西绿洲土壤肥力及作物生产效益

【目的】 河西绿洲灌溉农业区是我国主要的商品粮生产及玉米制种基地,结合当地耕作制度进行土壤有效培肥是提高农业生产效益和可持续发展的基础。本研究以河西灌漠土长期定位试验为依托,探讨了长期施用一种或者多种有机肥以及有机无机肥配合对土壤养分、土壤酶活性及产量的影响,为筛选出适于当地农业可持续发展的施肥模式提供理论依据。 【方法】 试验采用随机区组排列,除对照外,在施磷肥 (P₂O₅) 150 kg/hm2 的基础上,再设 12 个处理:单施用农家肥 120 t/hm2 (M);单施绿肥 45 t/hm2 (G);单施秸秆 10.5 t/hm2 (S);单施氮肥 375 kg/hm2 (N);农家肥 60 t/hm2 + 绿肥 22.5 t/hm2 (1/2MG);农家肥 60 t/hm2 + 秸秆 5.25 t/hm2 (1/2MS);农家肥 60 t/hm2 + 氮肥 187.5 kg/hm2 (1/2MN);绿肥 22.5 t/hm2 + 氮肥 187.5 kg/hm2 (1/2GN);秸秆 60 t/hm2 + 氮肥 187.5 kg/hm2 (1/2SN);农家肥 40 t/hm2 + 绿肥 15 t/hm2 + 氮肥 124.5 kg/hm2 (1/3MGN);农家肥 40 t/hm2 + 秸秆 3495 kg/hm2 + 氮肥 124.5 kg/hm2 (1/3MSN);农家肥 30 t/hm2 + 秸秆 2625 kg/hm2 + 绿肥 11.25 t/hm2 + 氮肥 94.5 kg/hm2 (1/4MGSN)。调查了耕层土壤有机质和速效养分含量变化以及几种主要土壤酶活力,采用主成分分析、聚类分析、经济效益分析综合比较了不同施肥方式对土壤质量与经济收益的影响。 【结果】 长期不施肥、单施氮肥(N)、氮肥配施绿肥或者秸秆均会造成土壤钾素匮缺,较 1988 年初测土土壤速效钾含量分别下降了 16.59%、39.37%、25.04%、23.31%;M、G、S 三种有机肥单施或与氮配施均能提高土壤碱解氮、土壤有效磷、土壤有效钾、土壤有机质(SOM)含量,不同施肥方式下,其含量大小总体表现为高量有机肥 > 减量有机肥 + 减量 N > N > CK;M、G、S、N 单施或 1/2MN、1/2GN、1/2SN 处理均能提高蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性,以 G、1/2GN 处理对提高土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶的活性的效果最显著,M、G、MN、GN 处理对提高碱性磷酸酶活性的效果最显著;主成分得分进行聚类分析,不同处理培肥土壤质量效果由高到低分成四类,分别为一类高量有机肥 M、G、1/2MG > 二种有机肥与氮肥减量配施 1/2MN、1/3MSN、1/3MGN、1/2GN、1/2MS、1/4MSGN > 三类氮肥、秸秆、秸秆与氮肥 N、1/2SN、S > 四类不施肥(CK);各施肥方式均能提高作物产量,与不施肥(CK)相比,增产幅度为 12.21%～235.4%,肥料贡献率在 10.89%～70.18% 之间,单施肥增产总趋势为 N > G > M > S,减量配施肥增产总趋势为 1/2GN > 1/2MN>1/2MS,施肥方式以有机肥配施 N 对产量贡献最大;经济效益分析表明施 N 或有机肥与 N 配施对于提高净收益作用较大。 【结论】 通过主成分分析与聚类分析、经济效益与产量综合比较,农家肥、绿肥和秸秆长期单施成本高,产量和经济效益低,维持土壤养分和产量需要的用量大。因此,提倡适量有机肥与氮肥配施,达到提高作物产量,增加经济效益,保证土壤肥力可持续发展。      

Soil nitrogen availability alters rhizodeposition carbon flux into the soil microbial community

Purpose

Soil microorganisms are important in the cycling of plant nutrients. Soil microbial biomass, community structure, and activity are mainly affected by carbon substrate and nutrient availability. The objective was to test if both the overall soil microbial community structure and the community-utilizing plant-derived carbon entering the soil as rhizodeposition were affected by soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) availability.

Materials and methods

A ¹³C-CO₂ steady-state labeling experiment was conducted in a ryegrass system. Four soil treatments were established: control, amendment with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), amendment with ammonium nitrate (NF), combined CMC and NF. Soil phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and ¹³C labeling PLFA were extracted and detected by isotope ratio mass spectrometer.

Results and discussion

The combined CMC and NF treatment with appropriate C/N ratio (20) significantly enhanced soil microbial biomass C and N, but resulted in lower soil inorganic N concentrations. There was no significant difference in soil PLFA profile pattern between different treatments. In contrast, most of the ¹³C was distributed into PLFAs 18:2ω6,9c, 18:1ω7c, and 18:1ω9c, indicative of fungi and gram-negative bacteria. The inorganic-only treatment was distinct in ¹³C PLFA pattern from the other treatments in the first period of labeling. Factor loadings of individual PLFAs confirmed that gram-positive bacteria had relatively greater plant-derived C contents in the inorganic-only treatment, but fungi were more enriched in the other treatments.

Conclusions

Amendments with CMC can improve N transformation processes, and the ryegrass rhizodeposition carbon flux into the soil microbial community is strongly modified by soil N availability.

     

Effect of nutrient solution salinity and ionic concentration on parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) essential oil yield and content

The growth and essential oil (EO) production of parsley were evaluated in response to salinity and nutrient solution concentrations in a soilless culture. Parsley plants that were 60 days old were potted in a coconut fiber and peat moss medium and were treated with four different nutrient solutions, including T1, T2, T3 and T4. The T1 nutrient solution was the standard, the T2 and T3 solutions contained incremental macronutrient concentrations with an electrical conductivity (EC) of up to 2.2 and 3.2 dS m^?1, respectively, and the T4 solution was the same as T2 but with sodium chloride (NaCl) and an incremental macronutrient concentration with an EC of 3.2 dS m^?1. Next, these plants were grown for 90 days in a greenhouse with natural daylight in Nador, Morocco. Shoot and root growth significant decreased with increasing EC. However, the salinity that resulted from the addition of NaCl did not affect plant growth in the nutrient solutions. The optimum obtained growth and EO production were 1.2 and 2.2 dS m^?1, respectively. Consequently, the optimum EC value (based on the EO production) of parsley in the soilless culture was 1.2–2.2 dS m^?1.     

Fertilizer location modifies root zone salinity,root morphology,and water‐stress resistance of tree seedlings according to the watering regime in a dryland reforestation

There is a direct relationship between soil nutrient concentration in localized zones and root proliferation and elongation under well‐watered conditions. However, in field studies under semiarid conditions this relationship can change due to higher salt accumulation and soil dryness that affect root growth, water stress resistance, and seedling survival. We assessed the effect of different locations of fertilizer placement in the soil profile and water availability on root zone salinity, root development and ecophysiological responses of Quillaja saponaria Mol. after outplanting. A single dose (6 g L^?1) of controlled‐release nitrogen fertilizer (CRF_N) was placed at 0 cm (top layer), 15 cm (middle layer), or 30 cm (bottom layer) depth in the containers in a greenhouse, in addition to an unfertilized treatment (control). After 6 months, seedlings were transplanted to the field and subjected to weekly watering regimes (2 L plant^?1 and unwatered). Morphological and ecophysiological parameters were periodically measured on seedlings, as well as soil electrical conductivity (EC). After 1 year, the shoot : root ratio of unwatered seedlings decreased as a function of CRF_N placement depth, which was attributed to lower shoot growth and not to greater root growth. The root morphology of the bottom layer treatment was negatively affected by high EC in unwatered seedlings. Greater total root length and root volume of the middle layer treatment was found only when well‐watered; however, this did not contribute to improve physiological responses against water stress. The lowest EC and the highest photochemical efficiency, net photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance were shown by unfertilized seedlings, independent of water availability. Our findings suggest that varying depth of CRF_N placement does not contribute significantly to improve root growth under water restriction. Water supplements, independently of the CRF_N location in the substrate, contribute to decrease root zone salinity, and consequently, improve root volume growth.     

基于遥感的泾河流域日蒸散量估算

蒸散发是陆地水分和能量循环过程中的重要环节。利用遥感数据与传统蒸散发模型相结合的方法,对泾河流域2006年3—10月日实际蒸散量进行动态模拟,并利用LAS站实测数据对模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明:1)基于遥感的P-T方法估算地表实际蒸散发可获得较好的效果。2)泾河流域蒸散发空间上,总体趋势为"南高北低;东西两侧山区高,中部平原低";林地蒸散量最高,其次为农田,最低的是草地。3)时间上,泾河流域蒸散发呈单峰型分布,7月、8月份的蒸散发量最高。4)月均气温、月降雨量和月均植被指数与月均蒸散发量的相关系数分别在0.8,0.5,0.7左右,表明温度、降水和植被是影响泾河流域蒸散发的关键因素。     

玉米秸秆厌氧产氢工艺参数优化

为解决玉米秸秆结构致密导致秸秆发酵难于直接降解的问题,首先分别采用0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%的HCl溶液对其进行预处理,以厌氧活性污泥为接种物进行中温(38℃)发酵产氢试验。结果表明,玉米秸秆的累积产氢量和产氢速率随着盐酸质量分数的增大先增加后降低,0.6%HCl处理效果最佳,单位累积产氢量和产氢速率分别为87.90 m L/g和3.05 m L/(g·h)。再以0.6%HCl溶液预处理的玉米秸秆为底物进行发酵产氢的单因素和正交试验,研究了秸秆粒径、底物浓度、初始p H值对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产氢过程的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆粒径越小越利于发酵产氢;适度增加底物浓度可增加产氢量;适宜的发酵初始p H值有利于产氢细菌的生长繁殖;得到较佳的工艺参数组合为秸秆粒径150μm、底物浓度15 g/L、初始p H值为7,此时累积产氢量为112.87 m L/g。     

畜禽粪便固液分离技术特点及效率评估

该文对常用畜禽粪便固液分离技术进行分析,评估出各分离技术的优缺点、适用对象、分离效果和性价比,为企业选择粪便固液分离设备提供参考。研究结果表明:重力分离技术成本最低,分离粒径小于1 mm的有机物效果最好,但分离后固相含水率过高(90%),一般作为其他技术的预处理。筛分技术对于分离大粒径的有机颗粒物最有效,投资相对小,运行费用低;但对氮磷等营养元素分离效率较低,分离后的固相的含水率偏高,分离产物可用于固态发酵。压滤技术提高了磷元素的分离效率和固相含水率,但运营成本也增加,分离产物可用于有机肥生产。沉淀离心技术对去除细小颗粒最为有效,并能够去除氮磷元素,但运营成本太高,在中国推广难度大。絮凝剂能和大多数的分离技术结合使用从而提高分离效率。所有固液分离技术都不能分离畜禽粪便中的挥发性脂肪酸,因此也不能有效去除液相中的生化需氧量和臭味。多种分离技术的联合使用,在提高营养物质的分离效率的同时,降低固相的含水率将是未来技术发展的主要方向。     

中国农业循环经济标准体系构建与对策

农业循环经济标准体系构建是开展农业循环经济的基础性和统领性工作,目前中国在农业循环经济领域已积累了较多成功经验,但尚未建立完整的标准体系。该文剖析了中国农业循环经济标准体系构建所存在的核心问题,基于农业产业链和农产品生命周期视角,系统阐述了中国农业循环经济领域的标准体系构建过程、基本组成、结构维度(包含产业链维、产业维、层次维)、制定原则和结构框图,构建了包括基础、管理通用、产业链链接、方法与专用等4个层次的农业循环经济标准体系;最后详细解析了农业循环经济、生态农业及有机农业标准关系的关系;并根据中国循环农业产业发展的实际需求,按照轻重缓急原则提出亟需制定的相关标准建议,可为中国农业循环经济标准化、规范化发展提供理论依据。