Characterization of humus-protease complexes extracted from soil

Pyrophosphate (140 mM, pH 7.1) extracts of two arable soils and one pasture soil were ultrafiltrated separating the extracted material into three fractions: A_I with nominal molecular weight (nmw) > 100 kD, A_II with nmw between 10 kD and 100 kD and R with nmw < 10 kD. Protease activity was determined in the fractions by using three different substrates: N-benzoyl-l-argininamide (BAA), specific for trypsin; N-benzyloxy-carbonyl-l-phenylalanyl l-leucine (ZPL), specific for carboxypeptidases; and casein, essentially a non-specific substrate. The derivative fractions were also analysed for their amino acid N and humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acid contents. The organic matter of extracts and derivative fractions obtained from the pasture soil was analysed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and that of fractions analysed by pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC). Activities of the extract were monitored for their thermal stability and those of the extract and derivative fractions for their optimal pH.Due to the mechanical disintegrating action of sodium pyrophosphate over the humic substances during the fractionation process the amount of total organic C and FA in the fractions was ranked as R > A_II > A_I. The lowest amino acid N/organic C was found in the R fraction, whereas A_II fraction was rich in humic acids, carbohydrates and amino acid N and A_I fraction showed the lowest carbohydrate content. At least 70% of the total BAA- and ZPL-hydrolysing activity was associated to particles with nmw higher than 10 kD and at least 30% of these activities were present in particles with nmw higher 100 kD. Casein-hydrolysing activity was quite evenly distributed among the three fractions (A_I, A_II and R). The extracted protease-organic complexes were resistant to thermal denaturation and some of them showed optimal activity at pH values higher than 10 as a result of the polyanionic characteristics of the humic material surrounding enzyme molecules and of the presence of alkaline protease. Comparison of data obtained in Py-GC analyses and in protease activity suggests that BAA-hydrolysing activity was associated to a highly condensed humic matter and ZPL-hydrolysing activity to less resistant humic substances, while at least some of the extracted casein-hydrolysing activity was present as glyco-proteins not associated to humus. BAA-hydrolysing activity was probably inhibited by fresh organic matter of carbohydrate origin whereas lignin derived organic matter probably inhibited ZPL- and casein-hydrolysing activity.     

8份广西产绞股蓝种质的RAPD引物筛选及其遗传多样性分析

本研究的目的在于筛选合适的RAPD随机引物,应用RAPD技术对药用植物绞股蓝进行遗传多样性分析,并构建DNA指纹图谱。研究结果表明,我们利用生物信息学方法挑选出的20条引物中有19条引物的扩增条带清晰且多态性好;在清晰稳定出现的354条带中,294条具有多态性;其中有3条引物的扩增条带可清楚区分绞股蓝与混淆品种乌蔹莓,可建立其DNA指纹图谱。按UPGMA法进行聚类分析,计算其遗传相似系数,结果显示,8份绞股蓝供试材料聚为两类,聚类结果与其地理区域远近和生长环境一致。本研究中筛选出的19条引物适用于绞股蓝遗传多样性分析,且获得的DNA指纹图谱可用于鉴别绞股蓝。     

不同小生境对喀斯特山区花椒林表土团聚体有机碳和活性有机碳分布的影响

以贵州西南部典型喀斯特地区花椒林下的石缝、石沟、石洞、石槽、石坑及一般土壤为研究对象,对0-20cm土层土壤团聚体有机碳和活性有机碳分布特征进行分析。结果表明,与一般土壤相比,石沟和石坑明显增加了原状土壤和各粒径团聚体土壤有机碳及活性有机碳的含量,而石槽和石洞则有所降低。除石沟外,有机碳含量较高的土壤主要增加了>5mm粒级团聚体含量。随着土壤团聚体粒径的降低,有机碳和活性有机碳呈"∨"形分布,并在<0.25mm粒级达到最大。团聚体对土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的贡献出现2个峰值,分别在5～2mm和1～0.5mm 2个粒级中出现,而<0.25mm团聚体对有机碳和活性有机碳的贡献率最低。相关性分析表明,土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量与土壤团聚体总有机碳含量呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.796),团聚体活性有机碳可以作为衡量喀斯特山区土壤团聚体有机碳动态的一个敏感性指标。     

耕作制度对紫色水稻土根际与非根际土壤有机碳矿化的影响

以稻田免耕长期定位试验点为平台,研究耕作制度对紫色水稻土根际与非根际土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明,不同耕作制度下稻田土壤有机碳日均矿化量均表现前期快速下降而后逐渐趋于平稳,培养结束时有机碳日均矿化量仅为第1天的3.1%～6.7%;另外,实行稻油轮作可有效降低土壤有机碳矿化速率。垄作免耕(中稻-油菜)处理有机碳日均矿化量、累积矿化量及矿化强度均为根际大于非根际土壤,而其他处理则是根际小于非根际土壤。稻田根际与非根际土壤有机碳平均日均矿化量随培养时间均符合幂函数变化规律,在62d培养期内,除第1天外,非根际土壤平均日均矿化量均大于根际土壤平均日均矿化量,差异变幅范围为67.0%～98.7%。各处理稻田根际与非根际土壤有机碳日均矿化量、累积矿化量和矿化强度均与其相应pH显著相关;根际与非根际土壤间有机碳日均矿化量和累积矿化量差异均与其微生物生物量碳、氮含量显著相关。     

论诱导昆虫滞育的环境因素

昆虫滞育是在长期进化过程中昆虫对不利生活环境条件的不断适应以及环境对昆虫的选择造成的。文章论述了温度、光周期、湿度以及食料等主要环境因素对昆虫滞育诱导的影响,认为光周期和温度是诱导昆虫滞育最主要的因素;湿度主要通过改变昆虫对光周期和温度的刺激反应而影响滞育的诱导;食料作为昆虫的调节因子与光周期以及温度一起诱导昆虫的滞育,在温度和光周期都很少发生年变化的赤道地区,食料能够直接影响到昆虫的生长发育。     

Role of the raw composition of pelagic fish muscle on the development of lipid oxidation and rancidity during storage

The muscle composition of a pelagic fish species, Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), has been studied to determine the relationship with its susceptibility to develop lipid oxidation during chilled storage. For such an aim, the initial concentrations of the major components (water, total lipids, protein, and PUFAs) and minor pro-oxidant and antioxidant components (ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, hemoglobin, total iron, LMW-iron, copper, and zinc) of different batches of mackerel were characterized. For the study, several batches of mackerel were caught during the spring and summer periods. The different batches were subjected to chilled storage, and the onset of lipid oxidation was statistically related with the initial muscle composition. Results showed significant compositional differences among the mackerel lots, especially for the muscle lipid content (2.83-9.50%). In a first step, a Pearson correlation test was used to check the influence of each component on the progress of lipid oxidation. Results showed a significant relationship between shelf life and water and total lipid contents. Multiple regression was performed to reveal the contribution of each component to the susceptibility to lipid oxidation. The model obtained combines the content of PUFAs, total iron, hemoglobin, and ascorbic acid. An accurate prediction of shelf life in terms of rancidity was achieved by the model created (R(2) = 0.9975). These results establish that the levels of endogenous pro-oxidants and antioxidants present in fish muscle together with the polyunsaturated lipids are relevant factors affecting the shelf life of mackerel muscle.     

磺胺嘧啶在黑土及其不同粒径组分中的吸附行为研究

采用批平衡吸附试验法,研究了磺胺嘧啶在黑土及其不同粒径中的吸附行为。结果表明,磺胺嘧啶的吸附不同程度地偏离线性模型,但均可用Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型进行良好地线性拟合。黑土（〈0.2mm）及其不同粒径（粘粒：〈0.002mm、粉粒：0.002~0.02mm、砂粒：0.02~0.2mm）的Freundlich容量因子Kf值分别为29.6、53.1、32.9L.kg-1和21.6L.kg-1,说明磺胺嘧啶在黑土及其不同粒径中的吸附行为存在差异。将吸附参数Kf进行碳标化处理后,Koc值除粉粒外,其他基本一致。随着溶液pH的持续增加（1.0~10.0）,黑土及其不同粒径中的磺胺嘧啶的吸附参数lgKf呈现先急剧降低然后稍微回升的趋势,由此推测,阳离子交换作用可能是磺胺嘧啶土壤吸附的重要机制。过氧化氢处理去除土壤有机质后,黑土的Kd值从1.92L.kg-1降为1.22L.kg-1,磺胺嘧啶的吸附量由16.5mg.kg-1降低到11.2mg.kg-1,说明有机质含量也是影响磺胺嘧啶吸附行为的重要因素。     

低分子量有机酸作用下土壤中菲和芘的残留及形态

采用微宇宙试验方法,以菲和芘为多环芳烃(PAHs)代表物,研究了几种低分子量有机酸作用下黄棕壤中菲和芘的残留和形态。结果表明,老化60 d后土壤中菲和芘的残留含量明显减少;不施加有机酸的对照土壤中,菲和芘的残留含量为10.13和29.18 mg kg-1,去除率为87.33%和63.50%。与对照相比,供试浓度(0～64 mg kg-1)范围内,柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸等3种低分子量有机酸作用下土壤中PAHs残留含量提高,去除率减小,表明供试条件下有机酸抑制土壤中菲和芘的降解;进一步分析发现,少量(≤4 mg kg-1)的有机酸即可对PAHs降解产生高的抑制效果。微生物降解在PAHs的去除中起重要作用,且芘比菲更抗微生物降解。供试条件下,可脱附态和有机溶剂提取态是土壤中菲和芘存在的主要形态,而结合态残留占总残留的比例很小(<8.5%)。3种有机酸均提高了土壤中可脱附态和有机溶剂提取态菲和芘的残留含量,施加有机酸使土壤中菲和芘的可脱附态含量较对照分别提高了46.67%～749.1%和1.83%～80.20%,有机溶剂提取态则提高了8.73%～375.2%和22.63%～114.3%;低分子量有机酸作用下结合态的菲和芘含量仍很小。     

大气CO_2浓度升高对粳稻稻米物性及食味品质的影响

在2009和2010年利用独特的稻/麦轮作系统FACE（Free Air CO2 Enrichment,开放式空气CO2浓度增高）平台,以武运粳21、扬辐粳8号、武香粳14和武粳15为供试材料,研究了高浓度CO（2比大气背景CO2浓度高200 μmol·mol-1）对粳稻蒸煮米的硬度、粘性、香气、光泽、完整性、味道和口感等的影响。物性分析仪测定结果表明,高浓度CO2环境下粳稻熟米的硬度和粘性总体呈增加趋势,其中扬辐粳8号两指标的增幅均达显著水平。食味计测定结果显示,高浓度CO2对蒸煮稻米香气、光泽度、完整性、味道和口感等食味品质指标均没有影响。相关分析表明,CO2与品种的互作对米饭硬度和粘性有显著影响,但对食味品质参数均没有影响。CO2与年度、CO2与年度和品种间的互作对所有测定参数均无显著影响。两年数据一致表明,未来高浓度CO2环境下粳稻蒸煮米的硬度和粘性将呈增加趋势,增幅因品种而异,但米饭食味品质无显著变化。     

不同种植年限砂田水盐变化与砂田退化初探

随着种植年限的增加,砂田的土砂比、土壤的水分与盐分含量都发生了明显的变化,加速了砂田的退化。对不同种植年限的砂田水盐变化及发生机理进行了分析,并总结了砂田退化的原因。结果表明,随种植年限的增加,提高了砂田的土砂比,砂田的保水、蓄水、抑蒸发、抑盐作用相对减弱,砂田的水盐变化与种植年限、砾石覆盖度、砂砾粒径、砂砾所处土壤表面的位置及地下水位密切相关,在一定程度上影响着砂田的退化。