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2. Agonistic interactions were both more numerous and more severe (fights and peck avoidances) in groups of the local breed than in those of Rhode Island Reds.
3. The outcome of severe interactions favoured local males and Rhode Island females in the first experiment and Rhode Island males in the second.
4. Small body and comb size might account for the relatively high number of agonistic interactions and the submissiveness of local females and young males while physical strength or some other breed characteristic might account for the high number of agonistic interactions of local males as well as their dominance in breed encounters. 相似文献
2. In the first experiment, removal of food for 8 h/d from 42 to 56 d of age significantly improved food conversion efficiency of broilers on deep litter. Removal of food for 16 h/d or on alternate days tended to cause slower growth and also improved conversion efficiency.
3. In the second experiment, denial of food for 8 h/d did not significantly affect either growth rate or conversion efficiency of caged broilers. Denial of food on alternate days, from 28 d of age, depressed food intake and growth rate. Food restriction decreased dressing percentage regardless of the age of introduction. With 32, 40 or 48 h food denial each 72 h there was a large depression in growth rate and dressing percentage. Carcass dry matter was also less, indicating less carcass fat, when food was denied for 48 h each 72 h.
4. In the third experiment, growth rate of broilers on deep litter was significantly improved by denying food for 8 h/d from 28 d of age, and was significantly depressed by food denial on alternate days. This depression was significantly more severe if restriction started at 28 d rather than at 42 d of age. Conversion efficiency was not significantly improved by denial for 8 h/d.
5. In the last two experiments conversion efficiency was much worse in severe restriction. 相似文献
2. When this treated meal was fed to susceptible ("tainting") hens the concentration of trimethylamine in the eggs was decreased to much less than that required to cause taint. 相似文献
2. The experimental diet was calculated to be low in energy and methionine and high in fibre by conventional standards. Birds ate up to 12% more of this diet, but the calculated intakes of energy and methionine were less than those of the corresponding controls.
3. White stocks fed on the experimental diet produced seven eggs less per bird than controls while the production of brown stocks was essentially unaffected.
4. The gross efficiency of energy utilisation for egg production was better with the experimental diet. 相似文献
2. In both experimental phases birds on treatment 3 produced significantly fewer eggs of smaller mean weight and shell weight. Plasma calcium, inorganic phosphorus concentrations and alkaline phosphatase activity were indicative of decreased calcium status. 相似文献
2. At spoilage the main organisms at 2 and — 1 °C on the carcasses wrapped in the oxygen‐permeable film were pseudomonads, producing unacceptable “off odours” when their numbers were >108/cm2. This occurred in about 10 d at 2 °C but in about 19 d at ‐ 1° C.
3. The effect of wrapping in the heat‐shrunk oxygen‐impermeable film was to delay or inhibit the growth of pseudomonads and thus extend the shelf‐life by more than 50% at either temperature. The predominant organisms isolated from the spoiling carcasses were atypical lactobacilli and enterobacteria.
4. Sensory assessment of the carcasses stored at — 1 °C by a trained panel indicated that, although less obvious “ off odours “ were produced by the micro‐organisms growing on the carcasses wrapped in the impermeable film, differences were detected at 33 d when the numbers of bacteria reached about 107/cm2 whilst at 41 d the meat was described as rancid. 相似文献
2. Hyperphagia, amounting to twice the intake of control birds early in the experiment, occurred on the repletion day.
3. Final body weight attained 80% of that of the controls.
4. Body fat concentration decreased at first but returned to that of controls after 3 weeks.
5. A consistent hyperlipaemia was observed after food deprivation or restoration.
6. There was a marked increase in the digestive enzymes found in the small intestine, but not in the pancreas during the repletion day.
7. These responses may be considered as mechanisms to reduce the physiological manifestations of starvation. 相似文献
2. Realised heritability estimates calculated after five generations of selection were : 0–37 + 0.04 for weight gain (WG); 0.44 + 0.05 for food consumption (FC); 0.21 + 0.04 for food conversion ratio (FCR).
3. Realised genetic correlation estimates were: WG and FC, +0.71 ±006; WG and FCR, ‐0.40±0.09; FC and FCR, +0.27 + 0.09.
4. Zero‐generation heritability and genetic correlation estimates were greater than the realised estimates, and sex linkage appeared to be important in the expression of all three traits.
5. The genetic correlation between FC and FCR was asymmetrical with considerable positive response in FCR in line F (rg = +0.79) but negligible response in FC in line E (rg = —0.01).
6. There was an apparent plateau in response in FCR in line E from the third to the fifth selected generations. 相似文献
2. Experiments designed to discriminate between these mechanisms are described: the results indicate the second mechanism.
3. This mechanism offers explanations for various other shell phenomena, including delayed fracture under a static, cyclical or recurrent load.
4. The main implication for the poultry industry is that any external insult to a shell is likely to weaken it by doing damage that is local, internal, irreparable and cumulative, even though it may be invisible from the outside. 相似文献