Component yields and quality of binary mixtures of lucerne and perennial, Italian or short rotation hybrid ryegrass

Studies were conducted to characterize sward dynamics of lucerne ( Medicago sativa L.) and perennial, Italian or short rotation hybrid rye-grass ( Lolium perenne L. and L. multiflorum Lam.) binary mixtures under hay management. Lucerne/timothy ( Phleum pratense L.) mixtures were included as controls. The study was conducted on two farms in central Pennsylvania, USA on Hagerstown silt loams (fine, mixed, mesic hapludalf). Total dry matter yield, grass yield and yield of digestible dry matter were higher for tetraploid perennial and tetraploid Italian ryegrass mixtures than for timothy mixtures. Seasonal production differed for the three kinds of ryegrass. Italian ryegrass dry matter yields were higher in cuts 2 and 3 than perennial ryegrass yields. Grass yields represented 34%, 24% and 12% of total yields of the Italian, perennial or short rotation, and timothy mixtures, respectively. However, herbage in vitro dry matter digestibility of Italian was lower than that of perennial ryegrass.
The tetraploid perennial ryegrasses Grimalda and Reveille had high-ranking N concentrations more frequently than other cultivars, while Bar-vestra and Reveille tetraploid perennials and Bison short rotation ryegrass had high-ranking dry matter digestibility values more frequently than the other cultivars. Perennial ryegrass cultivars and Lipo tetraploid Italian ryegrass persisted well for 4 years and produced higher yields with a lower weed content than timothy mixtures. It is concluded that perennial ryegrasses and Lipo Italian ryegrass should be recommended over timothy, as companion grasses with lucerne.     

RETENTION IN RATS: THE EFFECT OF PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

Four groups of rats were trained to make a simple spatial discrimination. Two of the groups had previously been trained to make the reverse discriminations, the other two had no prior training. Two groups were tested I day after training, while two others were tested 44 days after training. There was no retention loss unless prior interference had been provided.     

Cell wall composition and degradability of stem tissue from lucerne divergently selected for lignin and in vitro dry-matter disappearance

Lucerne populations that had previously been divergently selected for acid detergent lignin (ADL) concentrations of whole herbage were additionally divergently selected for in vitro dry-matter disappearance (IVDMD) of basal stems. Parental plants of the four selected populations were intercrossed and the half-sib progeny evaluated in a replicated field trial in 1988 over two harvests. Cell wall composition of basal stems was determined for detergent fibre components and neutral sugars, uronic acids, Klason lignin and esterified and etherified phenolic acids of the total fibre fraction. Lignin polymer composition was measured by nitrobenzene oxidation. Degradability of cell wall polysaccharide components was determined by a 48-h in vitro ruminal fermentation. Cell wall composition was changed by both selection criteria. Klason lignin proportion of the total fibre did not differ as a result of selection, whereas the ADL concentration of neutral detergent fibre was different among selection groups. The cell wall polysaccharides of lucerne basal stems shifted towards more cellulose (glucose residues) and less hemicellulose (xylose residues) with selection for either low ADL or high IVDMD. While degradability of the cell wall polysaccharides was correlated with various measures of lignin composition and concentration, the results were variable and inconclusive. Surprisingly, Kiason lignin and ADL were positively correlated with cell wall polysaccharide degradability, and esterified ferulic acid was negatively correlated with degradation of the cell wall. Selection for herbage ADL and basal stem IVDMD of lucerne did alter cell wall degradation, but the associated changes in cell wall lignification were not consistently correlated with cell wall degradability.     

Harvest frequency effects on forage yield and quality of rapes and rape hybrids*

Spring-seeded rape requires approximately two-thirds of the growing season in the north-cast USA, to reach physiological maturity. Harvest frequency studies were conducted with rapes and rape hybrids in Pennsylvania to determine whether forage yields and/or quality can be improved with multiple harvests, and whether cultivars respond similarly to harvest management. Nitrogen was applied at 75 kg ha^?1 at seeding and 75 kg ha^?1 70 d after seeding. Additional fertilizer was applied according to soil test results. A split-split-block design was used. Harvest frequencies of 180, 90, 60, or 30 d were randomly assigned to blocks. Cultivars were randomized within each harvest frequency, with four replicates. Amount of regrowth of all cultivars after mid-August was highly variable, depending on weather. Foliar diseases and aphids lowered yields in different years. Cultivars differed in susceptibility to diseases and aphids as well as in morphology. Forage yields and crude protein yields of rape generally were highest with the 90-d harvest frequency, whereas crude protein concentration was highest with the 30-d frequency. Mean in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) values were high regardless of harvest frequency, cuttivar, or sampling date. Yield differences between cultivars generally were greatest with one harvest at 180 d; mean yield was highest for forage rapes, intermediate for winter oil rapes, and lowest for rape x Chinese cabbage hybrids. Under frequent harvesting, BLE rape and the rape x Chinese cabbage hybrid performances were exceptional as regards forage yield and quality.     

CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYSIOLOGIC 18F‐FDG UPTAKE WITH PET‐CT IN DOGS

We evaluated the whole body distribution of 2‐deoxy‐2‐[18F]fluoro‐d ‐glucose (¹⁸F‐FDG) in seven beagle dogs using positron emission tomography/computed tomography. The mean and maximum standard uptake values (SUV) for various tissues were computed. The SUV of the aortic blood pool was 0.65±0.19. Moderate uptake was present in brain (3.40±1.01). Mild uptake was present in orbital muscles, soft palate, laryngeal and pharyngeal region, mandibular salivary gland, myocardium, liver, pancreas, kidney, and intestine. ¹⁸F‐FDG uptake would be normally higher in these tissues because of normal physiologic activity. Mean and maximum SUV values of the eye, skeletal muscle, bone tissue, spleen, adrenal gland, stomach, tongue, gall bladder, and lung were similar to or lower than that of the aortic blood pool. These data provide a normal baseline for comparing pathologic ¹⁸F‐FDG uptake.     

Analgesic and anti‐inflammatory actions of robenacoxib in acute joint inflammation in dog

Schmid, V. B., Spreng, D. E., Seewald, W., Jung, M., Lees, P., King, J. N. Analgesic and anti‐inflammatory actions of robenacoxib in acute joint inflammation in dog. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 33 , 118–131. The objectives of this study were to establish dose–response and blood concentration–response relationships for robenacoxib, a novel nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug with selectivity for inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 isoenzyme, in a canine model of synovitis. Acute synovitis of the stifle joint was induced by intra‐articular injection of sodium urate crystals. Robenacoxib (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg), placebo and meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) were administered subcutaneously (s.c.) 3 h after the urate crystals. Pharmacodynamic endpoints included data from forceplate analyses, clinical orthopaedic examinations and time course of inhibition of COX‐1 and COX‐2 in ex vivo whole blood assays. Blood was collected for pharmacokinetics. Robenacoxib produced dose‐related improvement in weight‐bearing, pain and swelling as assessed objectively by forceplate analysis (estimated ED₅₀ was 1.23 mg/kg for z peak force) and subjectively by clinical orthopaedic assessments. The analgesic and anti‐inflammatory effects of robenacoxib were significantly superior to placebo (0.25–4 mg/kg robenacoxib) and were non‐inferior to meloxicam (0.5–4 mg/kg robenacoxib). All dosages of robenacoxib produced significant dose‐related inhibition of COX‐2 (estimated ED₅₀ was 0.52 mg/kg) but no inhibition of COX‐1. At a dosage of 1–2 mg/kg administered s.c., robenacoxib should be at least as effective as 0.2 mg/kg of meloxicam in suppressing acute joint pain and inflammation in dogs.     

超声辅助提取甘薯叶中多糖的工艺研究

〔摘要〕目的研究一种节能、省时、高效的甘薯叶中多糖的提取方法〔方法以甘薯叶提取液中粗多糖得率为 考察指标,通过正交实验优选出最佳提取条件〔结果采用超声辅助提取甘薯叶中多糖,正交实验确定其最佳提取 工艺为:料液比1:40,提取时间60 min,提取温度75℃,超声功率400 W〔在此最佳条件卜甘薯叶中多糖的得率均 值可达7.400Ic、结论优选出的提取条件可迅速高效的提取甘薯叶中多糖、     

正交试验优选复肝宁胶囊提取工艺

〔摘要〕目的优选复肝宁胶囊提取工艺的最佳工艺条件〔方法以出膏率和绿原酸含量为指标,采用正交试验 法和HPLC,优选复肝宁胶囊的提取工艺、结果提取最佳工艺条件为浸泡2h,加10倍量水,提取3次,每次1 h} 结论该工艺条件简单、稳定、可行、