Trade Reorientation and Its Effects on Regional Port Systems: The Korea‐China Link along the Yellow Sea Rim

ABSTRACT Owing to its competitive labor costs, its open‐market policy, and a substantial amount of capital investments, China has become a global manufacturing pole and an export‐based economy replicating the conventional Asian model but on a much wider scale. This is creating acute competition on other Asian export‐based economies such as Korea that have to adapt to the “China effect.” Consequently, many Korean manufacturing companies have repositioned their capital and equipment in China to enlarge their market potential as well as to reduce their production costs. Because Korea is adjacent to China—both are sharing the Yellow Sea Rim—this shift is creating a unique geographical dimension with a high level of functional integration of Sino‐Korean manufacturing supply chains. This transition has also brought substantial changes in the regional logistic network by organizing new flows of raw materials, parts, and final products, most of them along the Yellow Sea Rim. New logistic flows have given substantial influences on regional port competition by creating diverse links. These changes are bringing a reorientation of the regional maritime industry and of the port system.     

Evaluation of an erosion-sediment transport model for a hillslope using laboratory flume data

Climate change can escalate rainfall intensity and cause further increase in sediment transport in arid lands which in turn can adversely affect water quality. Hence, there is a strong need to predict the fate of sediments in order to provide measures for sound erosion control and water quality management. The presence of microtopography on hillslopes influences processes of runoff generation and erosion, which should be taken into account to achieve more accurate modelling results. This study presents a physically based mathematical model for erosion and sediment transport coupled to one-dimensional overland flow equations that simulate rainfall-runoff generation on the rill and interrill areas of a bare hillslope. Modelling effort at such a fine resolution considering the flow connection between interrill areas and rills is rarely verified. The developed model was applied on a set of data gathered from an experimental setup where a 650 cm×136 cm erosion flume was pre-formed with a longitudinal rill and interrill having a plane geometry and was equipped with a rainfall simulator that reproduces natural rainfall characteristics. The flume can be given both longitudinal and lateral slope directions. For calibration and validation, the model was applied on the experimental results obtained from the setup of the flume having 5% lateral and 10% longitudinal slope directions under rainfall intensities of 105 and 45 mm/h, respectively. Calibration showed that the model was able to produce good results based on the R2(0.84) and NSE(0.80) values. The model performance was further tested through validation which also produced good statistics(R2=0.83, NSE=0.72). Results in terms of the sedigraphs, cumulative mass curves and performance statistics suggest that the model can be a useful and an important step towards verifying and improving mathematical models of erosion and sediment transport.     

配有感应加热器的双半桥共振型串连整流器分析与设计

为了除去因相邻的下属操作周波数的差而引起的杂音,提示了具有单一逆流的诱导加热器的新Dualhalf-bridge共振型串连整流器(DHB-SRI)。该回路可以用一个整流器在整个下属的诱导加热器电力范围内的两个部下单独控制。为缩小损失,得到高周波开关的能力,拥有零电压开关特性。为评价需要的冷却能力,诱导了主要发生损失的配件的公式。又提示了共振配件的设计过程。为了确认已提出的回路操作,制作和实验了消耗2.8kW的各诱导加热元件试制型DHB-SRI。     

Effects of corn dried distiller's grains with solubles and enzyme premix supplements on growth performance,carcass characteristics and meat quality parameters in finishing pigs

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of corn dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) and enzyme premix (mannanase + phytase) supplementation on the growth performance, carcass and meat quality parameters in finishing pigs. Sixty hybrid pigs (L × LW × D) with initial weight of 63.92 ± 1.50 kg were used in a 3 × 2 factorial design with main effects of DDGS levels (0, 10 and 20%) and enzyme premix levels (0% vs. 0.14%). Average daily gain (ADG, P < 0.01) and average daily feed intake (ADFI, P < 0.05) were decreased due to an increased level of DDGS additive while the feed conversion ratio was improved (P < 0.05) by adding enzyme premix. The diet cost/gain (won/kg) was saved (P < 0.01) due to an increased level of DDGS additive. There were no significant differences in carcass characteristics and meat quality parameters of Longissimus dorsi muscle by DDGS level and enzyme premix. Palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) decreased (P < 0.05) according to DDGS level. The results indicate that DDGS may be used in feeds for finishing pig as a replacement of corn and soybean meal without affecting their carcass characteristics and meat quality.     

Allelopathic potential of K21, selected as a promising allelopathic rice

The agronomic characteristics of a newly bred potent allelopathic rice, K21, including morphological appearance, resembled its female parent, Dongjinbyeo, except for 8 days' earlier heading and 9 cm shorter plant height. The water extract of K21 showed a greater inhibitory effect on the shoot and root growth of barnyardgrass than its female parent, but less than the male parent, Kouketsumochi. At the highest extract concentration of 5.0%, the inhibitory effect of K21 on the shoot growth of barnyardgrass was ≈ 64%, similar to its male parent. The dry weight of the barnyardgrass shoot was reduced by 13.0% when grown with K21 and 30.2% when grown with its male parent. There was no inhibitory effect on the shoot dry weight of barnyardgrass when grown with the female parent. The activity of cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase in K21 was ≈ 1.8-fold higher than that of the female parent, but significantly lower than that of the male parent. The ρ-coumaric acid content in K21 was ≈ 60% higher than that of the female parent, but it was about half of the male parent. The total amount of phenolic compounds in K21 was ≈ 11.5% higher than in the female parent, but about half of the male parent. The results obtained suggest that the newly bred K21 contains desirable allelopathic traits derived from the male parent, Kouketsumochi, and acceptable agronomic traits from its female parent, Dongjinbyeo.     

Effect of placenta feeding to sows on plasma biochemical composition and growth of their piglets

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects on the plasma biochemical composition and growth of piglets of placenta‐fed sows. The experimental animals were a total of 21 sows (L × LW) of third parity, and each sow was suckled by 11 ± 1 piglets. Sows fed without placenta were considered as the control (C), treatment 1 (T1) were placenta‐fed from days 1–7 after farrowing and treatment 2 (T2) were placenta‐fed from day 7 before farrowing to day 7 after farrowing. Glucose of piglets was lower (P < 0.05) in T2 than C and T1 on day 10. Total cholesterol of piglets was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than C on day 4. Fe of piglets was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than C on days 4, 20 and 30. Unsaturated iron‐binding capacity was lower (P < 0.05) in T2 than C on days 4 and 30. Immunoglobulin G of piglets was higher (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than C on days 4 and 10. Daily gain of piglets was higher (P < 0.05) in T1 than C and T2 on day 4 when daily gain was calculated. Total daily gain increased (P < 0.05) by prolongation of placenta feeding period. The results indicate that feeding placenta to sows may improve the plasma biochemical composition and growth of their piglets.     

Cell wall composition and degradability of stem tissue from lucerne divergently selected for lignin and in vitro dry-matter disappearance

Lucerne populations that had previously been divergently selected for acid detergent lignin (ADL) concentrations of whole herbage were additionally divergently selected for in vitro dry-matter disappearance (IVDMD) of basal stems. Parental plants of the four selected populations were intercrossed and the half-sib progeny evaluated in a replicated field trial in 1988 over two harvests. Cell wall composition of basal stems was determined for detergent fibre components and neutral sugars, uronic acids, Klason lignin and esterified and etherified phenolic acids of the total fibre fraction. Lignin polymer composition was measured by nitrobenzene oxidation. Degradability of cell wall polysaccharide components was determined by a 48-h in vitro ruminal fermentation. Cell wall composition was changed by both selection criteria. Klason lignin proportion of the total fibre did not differ as a result of selection, whereas the ADL concentration of neutral detergent fibre was different among selection groups. The cell wall polysaccharides of lucerne basal stems shifted towards more cellulose (glucose residues) and less hemicellulose (xylose residues) with selection for either low ADL or high IVDMD. While degradability of the cell wall polysaccharides was correlated with various measures of lignin composition and concentration, the results were variable and inconclusive. Surprisingly, Kiason lignin and ADL were positively correlated with cell wall polysaccharide degradability, and esterified ferulic acid was negatively correlated with degradation of the cell wall. Selection for herbage ADL and basal stem IVDMD of lucerne did alter cell wall degradation, but the associated changes in cell wall lignification were not consistently correlated with cell wall degradability.