当代大学生就业中道德缺失问题的思考

大学生就业难是社会普遍关注的焦点问题之一。大学生就业中的伦理道德缺失不容忽视。要解决这一问题，除学校加强道德教育、企业提升自身魅力外，根本在于大学生自身的觉悟与个人素养的提高。     

丙烯酸松香的溴化及产物的阻燃性研究

以丙烯酸松香与液溴加成,合成了溴化丙烯酸松香;研究了反应温度、原料的物质的量比、反应时间等因素对反应过程及产物性能的影响.用FT-IR、1 HNMR和热重分析(TG)等对溴化丙烯酸松香进行了表征.结果表明,当反应温度为-2 ～ 4℃、反应时间5 ～ 6h、液溴与丙烯酸松香的物质的量比值约为1.2时,收率可达93%.溴化丙烯酸松香不仅具有较好的阻燃性,同时还拓宽了松香的应用范围,提高了其附加值.     

-蒎烯氧化制备诺蒎酸

利用水和叔丁醇的混合溶液作为反应的溶剂,用高锰酸钾氧化β-蒎烯制备诺蒎酸,考察了叔丁醇含量、高锰酸钾和碱用量以及温度对产物收率的影响.最佳反应条件:反应温度15～25 ℃,β-蒎烯、KMnO4、NaOH物质的量的比为1:3:1.5,用 30 % 的叔丁醇水溶液做溶剂,诺蒎酸的收率(质量分数)在 70.0 % 以上.     

用β-蒎烯为原料合成高纯度对异丙基苯酚

研究了以松节油中β-蒎烯为原料，通过氧化、酸催化开四元环和脱氢三步反应，合成了高纯度对异丙基苯酚，总产率达到31％。并对酸催化开四元环和脱氢步骤中各因素对反应的影响进行了探讨。发现诺蒎酮开四元环转化反应选择在40％的磷酸溶液催化下，80℃反应1h效果较好，产率达到67．9％。4-异丙基环己烯酮与硫脱氢生成对异丙基苯酚，反应选择密封反应2h效果较好，产率达到63％。     

Effects of diosmin, a flavonoid glycoside in citrus fruits, on P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux in human intestinal Caco-2 cells

The effects of citrus flavonoids on P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated drug efflux were examined in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. The cellular accumulation of rhodamine-123 was measured using 10 citrus flavonoids for preliminary screening. Among the flavonoids tested, diosmin significantly increased the accumulation of rhodamine-123 in Caco-2 cells. In the bidirectional transport of digoxin, diosmin increased the apical-to-basal (A-to-B) transport but decreased the basal-to-apical (B-to-A) transport in both concentration- and time-dependent manners. The digoxin transport ratio (B-A/A-B) was estimated to be 2.3 at a concentration of 50 microM of diosmin, which was significantly lower than the 15.2 found in the control. The apparent Ki values for P(app,A-B) and P(app,B-A) were 16.1 and 5.7 microM, respectively. These results demonstrated that diosmin effectively inhibited the P-gp-mediated efflux in Caco-2 cells. Diosmin is one of the main components in citrus fruits, and the intake of food supplements containing this compound may potentially increase the absorption of drugs able to act as P-gp substrates. The clinical relevance of this interaction should be further evaluated using in vivo experiments.     

Oxidative degradation of lipids during mashing

Although hardly any polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are present in the endproduct, the ingredients used for the production of beer contain a high concentration of PUFAs, such as linolic and linolenic acid. These compounds are readily oxidized, resulting in the formation of lipid-derived products that reduce the taste and quality of beer enormously. During mashing relatively high amounts of PUFAs are exposed to atmospheric oxygen at a relatively high temperature. This makes mashing a critical step in the brewing process with regard to the formation of lipid-derived off-taste products. F1 phytoprostane (PPF1) changes in antioxidant capacity and monohydroxy fatty acids (OH-FAs) were used as markers for the detection of oxidative damage to fatty acids during mashing. The pattern of OH-FA formation indicates that enzymatic oxidation of PUFAs is more important than nonenzymatic oxidation during the mashing process. Nevertheless, substantial nonenzymatic radical formation is evident from the increase of specific OH-FAs and PPF1s. It was found that a low oxygen tension reduces oxidative damage and gives a high antioxidant capacity of the mashing mixture. This indicates that mashing should be done under low oxygen pressure.     

Horizontal transmission dynamics of White spot syndrome virus by cohabitation trials in juvenile Penaeus monodon and P. vannamei

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), a rod-shaped double-stranded DNA virus, is an infectious agent causing fatal disease in shrimp farming around the globe. Within shrimp populations WSSV is transmitted very fast, however, the modes and dynamics of transmission of this virus are not well understood. In the current study the dynamics of disease transmission of WSSV were investigated in small, closed populations of Penaeus monodon and Penaeus vannamei. Pair cohabitation experiments using PCR as a readout for virus infection were used to estimate transmission parameters for WSSV in these two species. The mortality rate of contact-infected shrimp in P. monodon was higher than the rate in P. vannamei. The transmission rate parameters for WSSV were not different between the two species. The relative contribution of direct and indirect transmission rates of WSSV differed between the two species. For P. vannamei the direct contact transmission rate of WSSV was significantly lower than the indirect environmental transmission rate, but for P. monodon, the opposite was found. The reproduction ratio R₀ for WSSV for these two species of shrimp was estimated to be above one: 2.07 (95%CI 1.53, 2.79) for P. monodon and 1.51 (95%CI 1.12, 2.03) for P. vannamei. The difference in R₀ between the two species is due to a lower host mortality and hence a longer infectious period of WSSV in P. monodon.     

Characterization of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BetB) as an essential virulence factor of Brucella abortus

The pathogenic mechanisms of Brucellosis used to adapt to the harsh intracellular environment of the host cell are not fully understood. The present study investigated the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of B. abortus betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BetB) (Gene Bank ID: 006932) using a betB deletion mutant constructed from virulent B. abortus 544. In test under stress conditions, including osmotic- and acid stress-resistance, the betB mutant had a lower osmotic-resistance than B. abortus wild-type. In addition, the betB mutant showed higher internalization rates compared to the wild-type strain; however, it also displayed replication failures in HeLa cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages. During internalization, compared to the wild-type strain, the betB mutant was more adherent to the host surface and showed enhanced phosphorylation of protein kinases, two processes that promote phagocytic activity, in host cells. During intracellular trafficking, colocalization of B. abortus-containing phagosomes with LAMP-1 was elevated in betB mutant-infected cells compared to the wild-type cells. In mice, the betB mutant was predominantly cleared from spleens compared to the wild-type strain after 2 weeks post-infection, and the vaccination test with the live betB mutant showed effective protection against challenge infection with the virulent wild-type strain. These findings suggested that the B. abortus betB gene substantially affects the phagocytic pathway in human phagocytes and in host cells in mice. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential use of the B. abortus betB mutant as a live vaccine for the control of brucellosis.