生物降解膜促进冬油菜养分吸收减少土壤硝态氮累积

针对普通地膜覆盖导致的农田环境污染和土地退化问题,通过2 a田间试验,从土壤有机质含量、硝态氮累积与分布、作物养分吸收和籽粒产量等层面出发,进行了普通地膜覆盖(PM)、生物降解地膜覆盖(JM)和露地(CK)栽培冬油菜的对比研究。结果表明,播种后60和150 d,JM处理的土壤有机质含量、土壤硝态氮的累积和分布与PM处理无显著差异;播种后240 d,JM处理的土壤有机质含量显著大于PM处理,土壤硝态氮的累积量显著小于PM处理,且PM处理土壤硝态氮的淋洗下移峰值更大。PM和JM处理冬油菜的产量及地上部各器官的氮、磷、钾吸收量均显著大于CK,且PM和JM无显著差异。与PM处理相比,JM处理在播种后240 d时土壤有机质质量分数提高7.0%,土壤硝态氮累积量减少34.1%。可见,PM处理在冬油菜生育后期过分消耗地力,且残留在土壤中的硝态氮含量较高。该研究从土壤营养和作物养分吸收利用方面为生物降解地膜应用于农业生产的可行性提供了理论依据。     

漆酚热预聚漆研究（Ⅰ）──漆酚热预聚漆酶催化成膜

为了充分让漆酶在最后催化成膜中发挥作用，将生漆分离出漆酚和粗漆酶后，先将漆酚进行热预聚，再用粗漆酶配制成漆酚热预聚漆。试验结果表明：此法配制出的漆液，不仅能在漆酶催化下成膜，而且具有粗漆酶用量少、干燥性能好的特点。     

Use of pimobendan in 170 cats (2006–2010)

Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo describe the therapeutic use of pimobendan in cats, describe the patient population to which it was administered, document potential side effects and report the clinical course following administration of pimobendan in conjunction with standard heart failure therapy. It is hypothesized that cats with advanced heart disease including congestive heart failure from a variety of causes will tolerate pimobendan with a minimum of side effects when used in treatment in conjunction with a variety of other medications.Animals, materials and methodsOne hundred and seventy client owned cats with naturally occurring heart disease, one hundred and sixty four of which had congestive heart failure. Medical records were reviewed and owners and referring veterinarians were contacted for follow-up data. Data collected included pimobendan dose, other medications administered concurrently, data collected at physical examination, presence or absence of heart failure, adverse effects, classification of heart disease, echocardiographic data and survival time. The data were analyzed for significance between the initial visit and any follow-up visits.ResultsAll cats were treated with pimobendan. The median pimobendan dose was 0.24 mg/kg q 12 h. Pimobendan was used in combination with multiple concurrent medications including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics and anti-thrombotics. Five cats (3.0%) had potential side effects associated with pimobendan. One cat (0.6%) had presumed side effects severe enough to discontinue pimobendan use. Median survival time for 164 cats with congestive heart failure after initiation of pimobendan was 151 days (range 1–870).ConclusionPimobendan appears to be well tolerated in cats with advanced heart disease when used with a variety of concurrent medications. Randomized controlled studies need to be performed to accurately assess whether it is efficacious for treatment of congestive heart failure in cats.     

诱导始期、温度和历期对松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育诱导及解除滞育的影响

为实现赤眼蜂滞育技术在工厂化生产中的应用,在实验室条件下测定了诱导始期(卵期,幼虫前期、中期、后期,预蛹初期)、温度(8、10、12和14℃)及诱导历期(10、20、30和40 d)对松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi滞育诱导的作用,并对其解除滞育的条件进行了探索。结果表明:松毛虫赤眼蜂从卵期到预蛹初期均可被诱导滞育,以幼虫中期诱导效果最佳。12℃为诱导松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育的最适温度,12℃下诱导滞育20 d,松毛虫赤眼蜂即可进入稳定的滞育状态,滞育率达97.4%。赤眼蜂滞育后,需经过一段时间的低温后才能完成滞育发育。滞育松毛虫赤眼蜂在3℃条件下储藏70 d,解除滞育率达95.9%,3℃条件下经历各储存时间的滞育解除率均高于0℃。     

生物传感器及其在食品检测中的应用

随着现代食品工业的发展,食品分析检测技术的地位日益凸显。生物传感器将生物学检测原理与传感技术相结合,是一种新型的生物学检测技术。生物传感器具有高选择性、高灵敏性等显著特点,在医学、环境污染物检测、食品工业等领域展示了广阔的发展前景。本文综述了生物传感器的分类、特点及其在食品检测中的应用。     

Development of a Field Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Detection of α-Amylase in Preharvest-Sprouted Wheat

A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for detection of α-amylase in preharvest sprouted wheat and adapted to rapid field-use formats requiring 15–20 min to perform. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were prepared to detect a mixture of high and low pI isozymes of α-amylase and high pI isozymes only. All antibodies detected α-amylase on immunoblots of either a crude wheat extract or of purified enzyme, but only the polyclonal antibodies functioned in a sandwich ELISA. Depending on the antibody combination, the tube ELISA detected either the high and low pI isozymes of α-amylase or the high pI isozymes only with a detection limit of ≈0.5–1.0 ng/mL of amylase. Wheats with falling numbers (FN) of <350 sec could be discriminated from sound wheats, with decreasing FN producing increasing assay color. Using 130 wheat grain samples, ELISA absorbances for detection of both high and low pI isozymes and of high pI isozymes only were highly positively correlated with amylase enzyme activity and negatively correlated with FN. The correlations were similar for detection of both isozyme families and for detection of high pI isozymes only. Analyses of three sets of wheat samples from different environments demonstrated that the relationship between ELISA absorbance and FN had little dependence on wheat cultivar. The precision of sample analysis using the field ELISA was similar to the precision of FN test apparatus.     

小麦提前造墒灌水对玉米后期光合与产量的影响

于2011—2012年玉米生长后期,进行小麦分期提前造墒灌溉(设置9月20日、9月25日、9月30日灌溉3个水平,不灌水为对照,分别用I9.20、I9.25、I9.30和CK表示)单因素试验,研究小麦提前造墒灌溉对夏玉米后期光合与产量的影响。结果表明:玉米后期穗位叶净光合速率(Pn)日变化,CK为双峰曲线,其他处理为单峰曲线。Pn日变化均值以I9.20与I9.25处理较高,2年同品种处理间棒3叶叶源量(LSC)也以I9.20与I9.25处理较高。与光合特性不同,茎秆糖分含量以CK较高,其他处理较低。不同灌水模式还对玉米灌浆有一定影响,I9.20、I9.25处理的最大灌浆速率及灌浆平均速率较大,灌浆活跃期较长,快增期百粒质量积累量较多,百粒质量与籽粒产量较高。另外,水分处理还对干物质再分配有一定影响,吐丝后同化物输入籽粒量表现为I9.25I9.20I9.30≥CK。可见,河北平原小麦适期提前造墒灌溉,改善了玉米群体光合性能,促进了吐丝后同化物向籽粒运转,提高了籽粒产量。综上所述,本研究条件下小麦造墒灌水建议提前于9月20—25日。     

NH4+对K+在土壤肥际微域中迁移和转化的影响

NH4^＋和K^＋共施在农田施肥中是很普遍的现象,研究它们共施后二者在土壤中的交互作用对指导施肥具有重要意义。采用室内土柱实验研究了共施条件下NH4^＋对K^＋在红壤和潮土肥际微域中的迁移和形态转化的影响,供试肥料为NH4Cl和KCl。试验结果表明,与单施K^＋相比,共施NH4^＋没有改变肥料钾在红壤和潮土中的迁移距离,但提高了肥际微域中的水溶性钾含量;在靠近施肥点附近,NH4^＋的施用减少了土壤交换性钾含量,这种作用在潮土中的表现不如在红壤中明显;与单施KCl相比,共施NH4Cl明显降低了施肥点附近土壤微域内的非交换性钾含量。研究结果表明,共施NH4Cl减少了土壤晶格对钾离子的固定,增加了钾的淋溶风险。