Seasonal Changes of Mineral Nutrients in Fruit and Leaves of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ Navel Oranges

In southern Jiangxi province of China, ‘Newhall’(Citrus sinensis Osbeck) navel orange presented a conspicuous symptom of boron (B) deficiency in mature leaves, whereas B deficiency symptoms were not manifested on ‘Skagg's Bonanza’(C. sinensis Osbeck) navel orange. In this study, changes in concentrations of B, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were comparatively investigated in the structural parts of the fruit (rind and pulp) and leaves (old leaves from last season and spring-flush leaves from current year) of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ navel orange during the growing season. Two peaks of B concentrations were observed in the rind of the two cultivars during fruitlet growth and fruit enlargement, respectively. Boron concentrations were relatively high in the rind during fruitlet growth, and then decreased in both rind and pulp, whereas, during middle and late fruit enlargement significant increases were found for B in both rind and pulp of the two cultivars. Boron concentrations in old leaves of ‘Newhall’ decreased progressively and remained relatively low, whereas that of ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ was relatively high and changed slightly as the season progresses. Both Ca and K concentrations were above the critical threshold values, while their dynamics were reverse to that of B in fruit and leaves during certain times. Old leaf Mg concentrations of samples at 140 days after full bloom from the two cultivars and spring-flush leaves from ‘Newhall’ were below the threshold limit for sufficiency. In addition, Mg in old leaves was much lower from ‘Newhall’ than from ‘Skagg's Bonanza’. Spring-flush leaf concentrations of Mn and Zn and Mn concentrations in old leaves from ‘Newhall’ were relatively lacking during middle and late season, which accelerated the occurrence of B deficiency symptoms on mature leaves of ‘Newhall.’     

镁对槟榔幼苗光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响

【目的】研究不同供镁水平对槟榔幼苗叶片叶绿体超微结构及光合特性的影响,为槟榔的平衡施肥矫治技术和高产优质栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以三叶龄‘热研1号’槟榔幼苗为试材进行了沙培试验。采用1/2 MS完全营养液,即对照处理Mg浓度为0.75 mmol/L,缺Mg (–Mg) 和高Mg (+Mg) 处理分别为不添加Mg和添加Mg 2.25 mmol/L。幼苗生长5个月后,取样测定槟榔幼苗非结构性碳水化合物含量、蔗糖合成酶 (SS) 和蔗糖磷酸合成酶 (SPS) 活性、叶绿素荧光动力学参数,观测叶绿体超微结构。【结果】1) 缺镁处理导致槟榔叶绿素相对含量 (SPAD)、光系统Ⅱ (PSⅡ) 的最大光化学效率F_v/F_m、实际光化学效率Y(Ⅱ)和光化学淬灭系数qP显著降低,而高镁处理组与对照差异不显著;2) 缺镁处理槟榔叶片的可溶性糖、蔗糖含量较对照均显著升高,而淀粉含量显著降低;高镁处理组淀粉含量显著高于对照组,但可溶性糖和蔗糖含量差异不显著;3) 缺镁胁迫致使叶绿体膜解体,基粒片层大部分消失,类囊体片层结构断裂,噬锇颗粒数目增多;高镁处理时叶绿体发生变形,叶绿体膜模糊,基粒片层部分消失,噬锇颗粒和淀粉粒增多。【结论】缺镁胁迫下,槟榔幼苗叶绿体超微结构发生变异,叶绿素合成及碳代谢受阻,光合效率降低,而高镁处理对槟榔叶片的影响显著小于缺镁处理。     

笼型异步磁力耦合器机械特性与试验

为有效解决目前机械传动系统中选用电机时功率裕度过大而普遍存在的能源利用效率较低问题,提出一种基于三相异步电机鼠笼转子的异步磁力耦合器(squirrel cage asynchronous magnetic coupler,SCAMC)。结合SCAMC具体结构特点,采用标量磁位法及二维场边界条件,建立气隙磁场数理模型;在气隙磁通密度中引入时间变量,推导出感生电流随时间变化的表达式;基于电流叠加性,将笼条电流折算到转子表面,并沿圆周方向对感生电流所形成的洛伦兹力进行积分,建立了SCAMC的电磁转矩模型。基于上述理论及技术基础,设计并制造出一台37 k W SCAMC样机,并对其机械特性进行理论计算、仿真验证及试验测试。结果表明:转差率相同时,所得的仿真及试验数据与理论计算值相比,误差不超过5%;SCAMC与同容量的三相异步电机相比,线性工作区更宽,过载能力更强,但其机械特性偏软,可有效缓解负载对电机的冲击。该研究可为磁力耦合器在大惯量、难启动及经常性过载机械设备中的应用提供参考。     

Comparative study of the effects of solid-state fermentation with three filamentous fungi on the total phenolics content (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of subfractions from oats (Avena sativa L.)

The aim of present work was to investigate the effect of solid-state fermentation with filamentous fungi (Aspergillus oryzae var. effuses, Aspergillus oryzae, and Aspergillus niger) on total phenolics content (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of four subfractions of oat, namely, n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol, and water, and compare them to their corresponding subfractions of unfermented oat. The TPC and total flavonoids increased dramatically, especially in EA subfractions (p < 0.05). The levels of antioxidant activity of subfractions were also significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). The highest antioxidant activities were also found in the EA subfractions. The polyphenols in EA were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography at 280 nm. Most polyphenols were increased remarkably, especially ferulic and caffeic acids. There was a clear correlation between the TPC and antioxidant activity. In conclusion, fungi fermentation is a potential bioprocess for increasing the TPC, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of oat-based food.     

冀南地区蔬菜保护地土壤养分变化特点

对冀南地区蔬菜保护地土壤养分现状及变化趋势进行了研究，结果表明，保护地耕层土壤有机质、土壤速效N、速效P和速效K比相邻露地栽培分别平均增加146．64％、51．68％、567．17％和110．41％；比1981年土壤分别增加143．23％、97．97％、2311．00％和98.8％。随栽培年限的增加，耕层土壤速效N、速效P和速效K有积累的趋势，土壤养分主要积累在0～20cm土层，随着土层加深土壤养分积累程度降低，其中以日光温室栽培的土壤养分积累高于塑料大棚。     

控释氮肥对玉米生长发育和产量及其效益的影响

为了探讨控释氮肥施用的最佳用量,在大田条件下,试验设6个处理：T1不施氮肥、T2常规施肥（基施）、T3常规尿素（基施+追施）、T4控释尿素100%、T5控释尿素90%、T6控释尿素80%。研究控释氮肥对玉米生长发育和产量及其效益的影响。结果表明：整个生育期控释氮肥处理提高了玉米株高、地上部干物重,且从拔节到成熟期,控释尿素100%、控释尿素90%处理地上部干物重高于普通尿素处理,且控释尿素90%处理最大。控释氮肥合理用量提高了玉米的茎粗、穗粒数,减少了玉米秃尖长度。控释尿素90%处理产量最高,达到8637.6 kg/hm2,与不施氮肥相比产量提高16.7%,与常规施肥（基施）相比产量提高9.5%,差异达到显著水平。从产量和经济效益分析,控释尿素90%:处理是比较理想的肥料用量选择。     

石墨炉原子吸收法检测大米中镉含量影响因素的响应面优化

采用响应面法优化了石墨炉原子吸收法检测大米中重金属镉含量的影响因素。在单因素试验基础上,根据中心复合设计原理(CCD),采用五因素三水平的响应面分析法,以大米中镉含量测定结果的偏离差值为响应值,分析各因素的影响显著性与交互作用,得到最佳工艺条件为:干燥温度140℃,干燥时间35s,灰化温度250℃,原子化温度1600s,原子化时间5s。在最优条件下检测到大米中镉含量为0.192mg/kg±0.003mg/kg。     

功能微生物处理水产废弃物的应用研究

通过在水产废弃物上接种高科技功能微生物菌剂“绿丰康“(生物肥)而配制成的“海星“生物有机肥的小区试验,了解了“绿丰康“和水产废弃物在肥料中的应用及其效应.将“海星“生物有机肥与有机肥、化肥(复合肥)、水产废弃物以及微肥在生菜和油菜施用上进行了产量、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐以及叶绿素等项目的比较研究,证明“海星“生物有机肥不仅肥效显著,且成本低廉.其推广应用,将极大地推动我国海洋生物加工废弃物的资源化以及畜牧环保产业和肥料产业的发展.     

猕猴桃果肉颜色相关色素代谢研究进展

猕猴桃含有独特的风味和丰富的营养价值,深受消费者的亲睐。猕猴桃果肉颜色各异,系统叙述了猕猴桃果肉颜色的种类、果肉颜色在发育过程中的变化、显微结构的变化、色素类物质的种类和变化、以及叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、和花色素苷代谢途径及其分子调控机理。提出了猕猴桃果肉颜色研究现阶段存在的问题,并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

铅污染对土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

摘要：通过室内培养试验,研究了土壤铅污染对土壤微生物基础呼吸及土壤脲酶、脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶的影响,结果表明,随着土壤铅添加浓度的提高,土壤微生物基础呼吸呈现出上升的趋势,土壤脲酶则随着铅浓度的增加呈现出不断下降趋势,土壤脱氢酶活性则在低浓度下上升而随着添加浓度的进一步提高迅速降低,可见,这两种酶对土壤铅毒害反应灵敏,可以作为土壤铅污染评价的指标,而土壤磷酸酶则对铅浓度的变化没有表现出明显的统计规律性,不适宜作为土壤铅污染评价的酶学指标。