多氯联苯对鱼肝功能的影响、机制及防治

多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)是水体环境中广泛分布的典型持久性有机污染物,可通过食物链富集进入鱼、人及其他动物体内,并在脂肪中积蓄,严重危害机体健康,能引起生物体突变、畸变甚至癌变,引起了极大的关注。文章主要综述了PCBs对鱼类肝功能的影响、作用机理及预防PCBs对鱼类生长发育的毒害,旨在为搞好水体环境,保护和发展可持续的渔业提供参考依据。     

2015年山东省某鸭场腺病毒病的暴发调查

2015年11月30日,山东省西北地区某鸭场报告其饲养的17 600只鸭子在1个多月内陆续发生不明原因的大规模死亡。经初步调查发现,鸭在死亡之前没有明显的临床症状,大多仅表现精神萎靡,多次用药后均无明显效果。截至调查时,已累计死亡约3 600只。为详细了解该鸭场的发病情况,分析该病的风险因素,以便及时提出防控建议,通过现场调查和实验室检测相结合的方式,开展了本次疫情暴发调查。调查结果显示,该鸭场暴发了腺病毒病;起因是鸭苗在引进前已感染了腺病毒,引入后又遇雨雪天气,气温骤降,同时场内饲养管理不合理,卫生条件差,防控措施不当,导致多种细菌继发感染,从而加剧了疫情。针对鸭场存在的病原,对症用药,对可能的相关风险因素进行了控制,随后疫情得到了有效控制。     

无线电追踪技术在地下啮齿动物研究中的应用

营地下生活的啮齿动物被誉为陆地生态系统的工程师,但其长期栖居于地下的生活习性难以被人们直接观察,给动物行为学和生态生物学等研究带来了挑战。随着科学技术的发展,无线电技术的小型化和轻量化为地下啮齿动物研究提供了可行性。国外学者已成功将无线电追踪技术应用于对地下啮齿动物洞道系统、活动节律、巢域面积变化以及社群制度等的研究。但国内将其应用于地下啮齿动物研究的较少。本文根据目前国内外研究现状,对无线追踪技术的研究内容和研究方法进行综述,以期为我国地下啮齿类研究提供参考。     

PERT网络模型在家禽规模养殖项目管理中的运用

本文针对农业科技专家大院草科鸡规模养殖项目运行和管理中存在的问题,就优化农业科技项目管理与提高项目运行的效用和功能,提出采用PERT网络模型管理农业科技项目的思路,并对项目管理过程、方法及注意事项等问题提出了建议。本文指出,运用科学的管理方法制定合理的项目运行计划,是进行科技项目组织管理、科学地配置资源和促进科研项目顺利完成的重要途径。     

Characterization of polymorphisms of transferrin receptor and their association with susceptibility to ETEC F4ab/ac in pigs

Diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) expressing F4 (F4ab, F4ac and F4ad) fimbriae is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in newborn and weaned pigs. The locus controlling susceptibility towards ETEC F4ab/ac has been mapped to SSC13q41, in which TFRC (transferrin receptor) was localized and considered as a positional candidate gene for ETEC F4ab/ac receptor. In this study, we determined susceptibility/resistance to ETEC F4ab/ac in a total of 755 F2 animals from a White Duroc x Erhualian intercross using a microscopic enterocyte adhesion assay. We identified two TFRC polymorphisms (SNPs 591 A>G and 632 A>G) in a single exon after comparative sequencing analysis of 2371-bp amplicons containing the complete coding region of TFRC using RNA of eight full-sib F2 animals with susceptible and resistant phenotypes. The intron sequences flanking the two exon polymorphisms were obtained, revealing an intron polymorphism (SNP 291 C>T). We genotyped the 19 founder animals of the White Duroc x Erhualian intercross for the identified polymorphisms, showing that only the 291 C>T polymorphism is a highly informative marker. We further genotyped all 59 F1 and 755 F2 animals for the 291 C>T polymorphism, and the association of this polymorphism with susceptibility/resistance to ETEC F4ab/ac in these F2 animals was evaluated by the transmission disequilibrium test. The result showed that the 291 C>T polymorphism is not a causal mutation, however, has a significant linkage disequilibrium with the ETEC F4ab/ac, especially F4ac receptor locus.     

A pig–human comparative RH map comprising 20 genes on pig chromosome 13q41 that harbours the ETEC F4ac receptor locus

The enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4ac is a major cause of diarrhoea in newborn and young pigs. The locus for the intestinal ETEC F4ac receptor (F4acR) has been mapped to pig chromosome (SSC) 13q41 with known homology to human chromosome (HSA) 3q21 and q29. However, the causative gene and mutation(s) remain unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize gene-derived markers on SSC13q41 for fine mapping of the F4acR locus, and construct a high-resolution pig–human comparative map to select positional candidate genes for F4acR. Pig-specific sequence-tagged site markers were developed for 20 genes that are located in a 6.8-Mb region on HSA3q21 and q29, and a total of 34 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in 14 of 20 markers developed. Eighteen markers were mapped to SSC13q41, while the other two markers ( PLXNA1 and KLF15 ) were assigned to SSC13q32 and SSC7q13, respectively, by radiation hybrid mapping. This result showed that there was a small conserved segment on SSC7 corresponding to HSA3q21. A framework map comprising 18 markers on SSC13q41 was established, refining the synteny breakpoint on SSC13q41 to a region of 12.3 centiRay. The comparative radiation hybrid (RH) map revealed three interesting candidate genes for F4acR from the human genome, viz. MUC4 , MUC13 and MUC20 . Linkage analysis with six marker polymorphisms revealed that MUC4 had the most significant linkage with the F4acR locus.     

J亚群禽白血病病毒与禽网状内皮增生症病毒共感染对肉鸡生长和免疫功能的抑制作用

1日龄网鸡感染J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-J)以及共感染禽网状内皮增生症病毒(REV)后,肉鸡生长发育明显受阻,体重增重明显下降(P＜0.05),法氏囊、胸腺明显萎缩(P＜0.05),在用新城疫疫苗免疫后,感染组血清中新城疫抗体效价显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);在ALV-J和REV共感染后,这种抑制作用更为明显(P＜0.01).ALV J单独感染后,鸡对传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)弱毒疫苗免疫后的抗体反应与对照组没有明显差别,但ALV-J与REV的共感染可明显延缓鸡对IBDV弱毒疫苗免疫的抗体反应.     

陶赛特肉羊与草地型藏系绵羊杂交效果初报

草地型藏系绵羊属我国西藏绵羊品种之一,在甘南地区的优良品种有草地类型的欧拉羊、甘加羊、乔科羊,它们生长在海拔2 800～3 500 m之间,具有抗寒、耐粗饲、遗传性稳定、产肉性能良好的特点.但由于粗放的生产经营方式和超载过牧,使羊只生产性能逐渐下降.……     

脾虚证模型家兔神经内分泌机能的变化及四君子汤对其调整作用

给家兔胃管投服苦寒中药大黄水煎液,复制出家兔脾虚证动物模型,研究了脾虚证模型家兔神经内分泌机能的变化和健脾益气四 君子汤对其的调 整作用。结果表 明,脾 虚证模型家兔血 浆胃泌素、ｃ Ａ Ｍ Ｐ 和ｃ Ａ Ｍ Ｐ／ｃ Ｇ Ｍ Ｐ 较试验前和对照组明显下降 （ Ｐ ＜ ００５ 或 Ｐ ＜ ００１）, 血浆胰高血糖素和血清胆碱酯酶活性较对照组和试验前极显著升高 （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）。以上各指标在经四君子汤治疗后均恢复至试验前和对照组水平,与模型期比较变化明显 （ Ｐ ＜ ００５ 或 Ｐ ＜ ００１）。由此说明,脾虚证时神经内分泌机能发生了改变,表现为交感神经机能降低和副交感神经机能相对亢进,以及胃肠道激素如胃泌素和胰高血糖素的分泌发生变化,四君子汤对其有良好的调整作用或拮抗作用。     

Molecular characterization of tetracycline- and quinolone-resistant Aeromonas salmonicida isolated in Korea

The antibiotic resistance of 16 Aeromonas (A.) salmonicida strains isolated from diseased fish and environmental samples in Korea from 2006 to 2009 were investigated in this study. Tetracycline or quinolone resistance was observed in eight and 16 of the isolates, respectively, based on the measured minimal inhibitory concentrations. Among the tetracycline-resistant strains, seven of the isolates harbored tetA gene and one isolate harbored tetE gene. Additionally, quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) consisting of the gyrA and parC genes were amplified and sequenced. Among the quinolone-resistant A. salmonicida strains, 15 harbored point mutations in the gyrA codon 83 which were responsible for the corresponding amino acid substitutions of Ser⁸³→Arg⁸³ or Ser⁸³→Asn⁸³. We detected no point mutations in other QRDRs, such as gyrA codons 87 and 92, and parC codons 80 and 84. Genetic similarity was assessed via pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and the results indicated high clonality among the Korean antibiotic-resistant strains of A. salmonicida.