Considering the preferences for nitrogen forms by invasive plants: a case study from a hydroponic culture experiment

Although preference for NH₄⁺, NO₃^? or a combination of the two often differs among species, we know little about the responses of invasive plants to different inorganic N forms. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that an increase in N availability may facilitate further invasions. However, most of these studies predicted the positive feedback without considering the preference for N forms of invasive plants. Therefore, we cultivated four common invasive species (Mikania micrantha, Ipomoea cairica, Wedelia trilobata and Bidens pilosa) in South China with hydroponic media containing different forms of N (i.e. NO₃^?, NH₄NO₃ and NH₄⁺) at equimolar concentrations. Our results showed that the N forms significantly affected the growth, biomass allocation and physiological traits of the plants. All four invasive plants supplied with NO₃^? alone had better performance and greater allocation to root biomass than did plants that were supplied with NH₄⁺ alone. Moreover, the photosynthetic rate, pigment content and photosystem II activity of plants supplied with NO₃^? or NH₄NO₃ were significantly higher than those of plants supplied with NH₄⁺alone. The results suggested that all four invasive plants preferred NO₃^? rather than NH₄⁺, and changes in NO₃^? played an important role in furthering the invasions of these plants than did changes in NH₄⁺. Our results implied that decreasing NO₃^? may be a useful tool for controlling and managing invasive plants preferring NO₃^?. In addition, this study highlighted the importance of considering plant N form preference to better understand plant invasions.     

楠木枝枯病病原菌鉴定

<正>楠木为我国传统名贵树种,其木质紧密、耐腐蚀性强,能够驱虫美化环境,是建筑、家具、雕刻的首选木料;同时具有净化空气、吸烟滞尘、涵养水源、固土防沙等功能,有着巨大的经济及生态价值。楠木主要包括润楠属(Machilus Nees)以及楠属(Phoebe Nees)植株,均属于濒危树种,在我国境内     

中国茶树炭疽菌属病害研究进展及展望

茶树是一种重要的经济作物,广泛种植于热带和亚热带地区。随着茶产品经济价值的提高,茶叶生产安全备受关注。炭疽菌是引起茶树病害的病原菌之一,严重影响茶叶产量和茶产品品质,威胁我国茶产业的良性发展。利用抗病品种是防治茶树病害最为经济、有效的措施。目前,茶树炭疽菌种名使用混乱,茶树与炭疽菌的互作研究也较为薄弱,而简单依靠药剂防治病害也对茶叶质量安全造成一定的影响。本文梳理并明确了危害茶树的炭疽菌种类;总结了现有的茶树和炭疽菌互作的研究成果,提出识别免疫(effector triggered immunity,ETI)模式是茶树防御炭疽菌的主要机制;对茶树病理学存在的问题进行了归纳并提出解决办法,并展望了深入开展茶树抗病机理研究的思路,以期为制定茶园绿色防控技术及选育茶树抗病良种提供科学参考。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊紫外敏感视蛋白基因的克隆及光强度对其表达量影响

为明确韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga紫外敏感视蛋白基因Bo-uv的作用及其与趋光性的关系,利用常规PCR方法克隆获得Bo-uv基因的全长cDNA序列,分析了其敏感视蛋白的氨基酸序列与其它12种昆虫同源蛋白氨基酸序列之间的系统进化关系,运用qPCR技术检测了不同发育阶段、不同组织及不同光强度下Bo-uv基因的相对表达量。结果表明,Bo-uv基因cDNA全长2 757 bp,开放阅读框1 542 bp,编码514个氨基酸。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊紫外敏感视蛋白的氨基酸序列与其它12种昆虫同源蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性为21.93%～43.00%,与橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis的氨基酸序列同源性最高。Bo-uv基因在韭菜迟眼蕈蚊蛹末期、成虫期表达,在成虫头部的相对表达量较高。在0～10 000 lx光强范围内雌、雄成虫体内该基因的相对表达量均呈先增高后降低趋势。与对照相比,1 000 lx光强度下其相对表达量显著升高,10 000 lx时相对表达量显著降低。表明光强度能够有效地调控Bo-uv基因的表达,该基因在韭菜迟眼蕈蚊感知外界光刺激过程中具有重要作用。     

我国马铃薯帚顶病毒的分子检测

<正>马铃薯是我国第四大粮食作物,在生长过程中易受多种病毒侵染,其中马铃薯帚顶病毒(potato mop-top virus,PMTV)致病性强、危害严重,被我国列入进境植物检疫禁止进境物名录。该病毒于1966年在爱尔兰和北苏格兰被首次发现(CalvertHarriso,1966),随后扩散蔓延到世界诸多马铃薯主产区。感染该病毒的植株主要表现为帚顶,上部叶片出现褪绿V型环纹,基部叶片出现不规则黄色斑块、环纹和     

光波长、刺激时长和性别结构对龟纹瓢虫趋光性的影响

为揭示天敌昆虫趋光性中光源因子与虫源因子的作用,采用室内多向行为选择方法研究光波长、刺激时长和性别结构对龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica趋光性的影响。结果显示:在365～630 nm波长范围内,光波长对龟纹瓢虫雌雄性比为1∶1的两性种群的趋光性有显著影响,其对365 nm处紫外光的趋光率最高,为27.90%;对625～630 nm处红光的趋光率最低,为6.50%。在120 min范围内,光刺激时长对龟纹瓢虫雌雄性比为1∶1的两性种群的趋光性有显著影响,且该影响与光波长有关。利用紫外光刺激龟纹瓢虫雌雄性比为1∶1的两性种群5 min时的趋光率(41.07%)显著高于其它刺激时长处理,且其它处理之间均无显著差异。随着光刺激时长的增加,龟纹瓢虫雌雄性比为1∶1的两性种群对紫外光、蓝光短波长的趋光率降低,对红光和黑暗处理的趋光率增加。在紫外光、蓝光、绿光及橙光处理下性别结构对龟纹瓢虫有显著影响,雌性单性种群偏嗜紫外光和绿光;雄性单性种群偏嗜绿光和橙光;雌雄性比为1∶1的两性种群偏嗜紫外光、蓝光和橙光。表明光波长是龟纹瓢虫趋光性的核心诱因,性别结构及光刺激时长具有重要的协同调控作用。     

柑橘褪绿矮缩病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测体系的建立与应用

<正>柑橘褪绿矮缩病是一种新发生的危险性病害,自20世纪80年代在土耳其被发现以来,已成为该地区柑橘上最严重的病害(Loconsole et al.,2012)。近年来该病在我国云南省也有发生(Guo et al.,2015;Zhou et al.,2017)。该病可危害大多数柑橘种类,仅甜橙有一定耐病性,在敏感品种上可引起植株叶片变形、扭曲、花叶、节间变短等症状,造成果实变小,     

Maize defence mechanisms against the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Maize is arguably the most widely grown crop in the world, but it is often associated with one of its major insect pests, the European corn borer (ECB). The damage caused by this species to maize production is generally variable, but in many cases it is economically significant. This review paper provides an overview of the research findings on the natural plant defence mechanisms against ECB larvae published till now. What is resistance and how it is achieved, what is the chemical response of maize plants to insect feeding and how tolerance can be increased. A short introduction in breeding for resistance and a discussion if the mentioned traits can be used in conventional breeding in order to create maize hybrids less affected by ECB are given.     

木霉耐盐突变菌株的紫外诱变选育

为了获得高效耐盐木霉突变菌株,以盐碱土中分离的一株深绿木霉T-YM作为原始菌株进行紫外诱变处理,并筛选了突变菌株的最佳诱变条件,利用NaCl溶液模拟盐胁迫条件测定了突变菌株耐盐指标生长速率、产孢量和菌丝生长量。结果表明,与对照(野生型菌株)相比,当诱变时间为3 min时能够显著提高深绿木霉T-YM突变菌株菌落生长速度和产孢量,分别增加17.69%和28.82%;诱变时间为0.5 min和5 min时能够显著提高突变菌株菌丝生长量,分别增加42.22%和46.67%。利用10 mg·mL^-1 NaCl溶液模拟盐胁迫条件时,与对照相比突变菌株菌落生长速度、产孢量和菌丝干重整体高于野生型菌株,尤其当诱变时间为3 min时,不同浓度盐胁迫下其产孢量平均增加51.18%,诱变时间为0.5 min时其菌丝干重平均增加23.65%;NaCl胁迫(10 mg·mL^-1)下,诱变处理0.5 min获得的正突变菌株经传代接种培养后其耐盐性较为稳定。因此,紫外诱变可作为一种选育高效耐盐木霉突变菌株的有效方法。