De Levenswijze en de Bestrijding van de Rondknopmijt van Zwarte Bes,Cecidophyopsis ribis

The biology, ecology and control of the black currant gall mite,Cecidophyopsis ribis, formerly calledPhytoptus ribis, Eriophyes ribis orCecidophyes ribis, was studied in the field. These observations rendered the following results. The number of mites in the infested buds varied greatly according to the season; low numbers were present during May, June and July, high numbers during November until April. The number of generations is unknown. The migration period is closely related to the development of the host plant; mites migrate during the blossom period in spring. Newly formed axillary buds are infested while a larger proportion of the mites congregate in the tips of the shoots; these mites infest the axillary buds after the end of the migration period. Dissemination of the mites can take place by wind transportation, leaping, insect transportation, and transportation by man. Buds on the basal parts and on the terminal parts of newly formed shoots appeared to be more heavily infested than buds on the middle parts of the shoots. This preference can be explained by the behaviour of the mites; the basal buds are infested during the migration period, the terminal buds are infested by the mites from the growing tips. Damage consists of deformation of the buds which do not give flowers, and the transmission of reversion virus which causes sterility of the host plant. Control can be achieved by frequent applications of endosulfan. In nurseries endrin can be applied to prevent infestation.Samenvatting De levenswijze van de rondknopmijtCecidophyopsis ribis werd onder veldomstandigheden bestudeerd. Daarbij bleek dat gedurende de periode van oktober tot april grote aantallen mijten in de aangetaste knoppen aanwezig kunnen zijn. Infectie van de nieuwe knoppen vindt plaats vanaf half april tot half mei; er is een duidelijk verband tussen het ontwikkeljngsstadium van de waardplant en het tot stand komen van de infectie. De mijten vertonen een voorkeur voor de knoppen aan de basis en aan de einden der scheuten. Verplaatsing vindt plaats door het lopen langs de takken; de mijten kunnen ook meegedragen worden door insekten of verplaatst worden door de wind. Schade ontstaat doordat de aangetaste knoppen niet uitlopen en de rondknopmijten het brandnetelbladvirus overbrengen. Als ziektebeeld ontstaat dan het zgn. brandnetelblad; door dit virus wordt onvruchtbaarheid van de struiken veroorzaakt. Bestrijding van de mijten is mogelijk door toepassing van endosulfan en endrin gedurende de migratieperiode. Op vruchtdragende struiken kan endrin niet toegepast worden in verband met het tijdens de oogst aanwezige residu van dit rniddel.Gedetacheerd bij het Proefstation voor de Fruitteelt in volle grond, Wilhelminadorp.     

Der Ernteverlust als Summe einzelner Faktoren

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Dictyocaulus viviparus in calves: effect of rotational grazing on the development of infections.

A study was made of the possibility of reducing lungworm infections in young grazing calves by rotational grazing for weekly periods on six paddocks. For this purpose three groups of four calves each were grazed on separate pastures in 1989, whereas a fourth group served as a permanently housed control group. Two groups of calves were infected experimentally with six doses of 10 larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus during the first 3 weeks on pasture. In the third group, low natural infections with overwintered larvae occurred. One of the experimentally infected groups was rotationally grazed for weekly periods on six small plots while both other groups were set-stocked. Faecal larval counts and worm counts in tracer calves demonstrated lower lungworm infections in the rotationally grazed group than in both set-stocked groups. However, the numbers of worms found after challenge infection and subsequent necropsy were relatively high in the rotationally grazed group, indicating that development of immunity was less than in both other groups. Owing to the dry weather conditions in the summer of 1989, no serious clinical signs of husk developed in any of the three groups. These dry conditions, however, did not prevent the build-up of heavy pasture infectivity with gastrointestinal nematodes resulting in heavy worm burdens and serious clinical signs in tracer calves grazing for 4 days in August and September-October, respectively. This implies that rotational grazing did not have a clear effect on build-up of gastrointestinal nematode infections.     

Mechanism of resistance to fenarimol in Aspergillus nidulans

Mycelial uptake of [¹⁴C]fenarimol (10 μg/ml) by 20 fenarimol-resistant mutants of Aspergillus nidulans was compared with uptake by wild-type strain 003. Uptake of the fungicide during the initial 10 min of incubation was significantly lower in all mutant strains than in the wild-type strain indicating that resistance is related with reduced uptake. Upon prolonged incubation a gradual decrease of accumulated radioactivity in the wild-type strain was observed. A few mutants displayed resistance to unrelated chemicals such as p-fluorophenylalanine or d-serine; this phenomenon appeared not to be due to a decreased uptake of the corresponding natural amino acids. Incorporation of [³H]adenine and [¹⁴C]leucine by mycelium of mutant M193 was hardly inhibited after 5 hr of incubation with the fungicide, whereas a distinct effect was found with the wild-type strain. At this time also fungitoxicity to the wild-type strain became apparent. Probably, this effect is indirectly caused by inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. Mycelium of mutant M193 incorporated [¹⁴C]acetate slightly less effectively than the wild-type strain. After 2 hr of incubation with this radiochemical leakage of [¹⁴C]acetate metabolites from mycelium of the mutant strain was observed. This indicates that resistance might be correlated with increased excretion of fungal metabolites, which in turn may be related with reduced fitness of fenarimol-resistant mutants.     

Reticulosis of the visual system in a dog

A 7-year-old male Kerry Blue Terrier had been compensating for a visual deficit for approximately 2 months. Five days before examination, the dog had suddenly lost all vision and the pupils had become widely dilated and unresponsive to light. Ophthalmic examination revealed inflammation of the optic discs. Response to therapy was favourable but temporary.
Post mortem findings consisted of granulomatous optic neuritis, meningoencephalitis and chorioretinitis, similar to reticulosis.     

Serological characterization of strains of Moraxella bovis using double immunodiffusion.

Sera were produced in rabbits against nine Moraxella bovis strains isolated in Brazil and three in the United States. Antigens were prepared for double immunodiffusion tests by thawing concentrated suspensions of the strains. Sera were tested against homologous and heterologous antigen preparations by the double immunodiffusion method. Sera showing precipitin bands with heterologous antigens were absorbed. Antigenic differences were detected between the strains and a provisional grouping of strains of M. bovis was suggested on the basis of antigenic composition. Differences between isolates from different geographical locations were found and some strains appeared antigenically more complex than others. The relevance of this work to vaccine production was suggested.     

Long-term study of incidence and financial loss due to cattle babesiosis in an Argentinian dairy farm

The incidence and direct financial loss caused by babesiosis were evaluated in 121 Holstein Friesian female cattle that formed eight cohorts (1981–1988) of a dairy farm located approximately 24° 55′S 65° 29′W in Salta, Argentina. Female calves born in 1986 and 1987 (n=32) were vaccinated with a live Babesia vaccine at six months of age.

No cases of babesiosis occurred in the vaccinated cattle. The incidence of babesiosis in the six non-vaccinated cohorts was 23.6% (21/89). Eighteen of the cases were the result of Babesia bovis, one to Babesia bigemina and two to a mixed infection. Two cattle died of B. bovis infection in spite of drug treatment (diaminazene, 3.5 mg kg⁻¹). No disease occurred in cattle younger than seven months or older than 24 months. The number of cases according to age of cattle was: 7–9 months, 5; 10–12 months, 6; 13–24 months, 10.

Financial loss for the six cohorts that suffered clinical cases amounted to US $ 1624.6 (prices in October 1990)—62% were the result of physical losses and 38% to costs of control. A benefit-cost analysis of vaccination was carried out assuming that 95% of the mortality and morbidity losses of the six non-vaccinated cohorts was prevented after a single inculation of a live vaccine (cost of a dose plus administration was US $ 4.2. The benefit-cost ratio was 4:1 for each US dollar expended.