加热法对石膏刨花板性能影响的研究

研究了加热温度和加压时间对石膏刨花板性能的影响。试验结果表明石膏固化时加适量的热量有助于提高石膏刨花板的性能;加热温度较高时石膏刨花板的性能比常温条件下压制的板的性能低。石膏固化时是吸热反应,石膏刨花板加压固化时,外加一定的热量有助于提高石膏的固化强度,因此板具有较好的物理力学性能。     

后备母猪的营养与繁殖

繁殖效率的高低,除受品种和管理因素影响外,营养因素的作用不可忽视,通过改善营养水平可提高高产母猪的繁殖能力。近年来,随着集约化生产的发展,后备母猪的营养需要和饲养管理已成为动物营养研究的新热点,其中采食量及理想的营养水平作为影响其繁殖性能的重要因素,引起了广泛的关注。现就营养对后备母猪各个繁殖阶段繁殖性能的影响作一简单论述,希望对养殖生产者有一定帮助。     

Treatment of pigs with enrofloxacin via different oral dosage forms – environmental contaminations and resistance development of Escherichia coli

BackgroundAntibacterial agents play important roles in the treatment of bacterial infections. However, the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and carry-over of substances into the environment are several problems arising during oral treatment of bacterial infections. We assessed AMR development in commensal Escherichia coli (E. coli) in enrofloxacin treated and untreated animals. In addition, we examined fluoroquinolone in the plasma and urine of treated and untreated animals, and in sedimentation dust and aerosol.MethodsIn each trial, six pigs were treated with enrofloxacin via powder, granulate or pellet forms in two time periods (days 1–5 and 22–26). Four pigs served as untreated controls. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to evaluate AMR development. Analysis of enro- and ciprofloxacin was performed with high performance liquid chromatography.ResultsNon-wildtype E. coli (MIC > 0.125 µg/mL) was detected in the pellet treated group after the first treatment period, whereas in the other groups, non-wildtype isolates were found after the second treatment period. E. coli with MIC > 4 µg/mL was found in only the pellet trial. Untreated animals showed similar susceptibility shifts several days later. Bioavailability differed among the treatment forms (granulate > pellet > powder). Enro- and ciprofloxacin were detected in aerosols and sedimentation dust (granulate, powder > pellet).ConclusionsThis study indicates that the kind of the oral dosage form of antibiotics affects environmental contamination and AMR development in commensal E. coli in treated and untreated pigs.     

中国土地集约利用与区域生态效率耦合协调度时空格局

土地集约利用与区域生态效率的耦合协调发展对城市可持续发展和生态文明建设意义重大。该文采用熵权法和非期望产出的超效率SBM模型分别评价了2004—2016年中国284个地级市土地集约利用程度和区域生态效率;在此基础上,分别运用耦合协调度模型和空间自相关分析方法研究了两者耦合协调度及空间关联格局的时空演变特征。研究结果表明:当前中国城市土地集约利用与区域生态效率协调性整体处于轻度失调阶段,但耦合协调度随时间呈逐步增强态势。协调度空间分布整体呈现“东部和中部高,西部低”的格局,且随时间推移发生较小改变。全局空间自相关结果表明:耦合协调度存在显著空间正相关性,且随时间推移关联程度先增强后减弱。局部空间自相关结果显示:正相关类型高高集聚(HH)与负相关类型低高集聚(LH)主要分布在东部地区,而正相关类型低低集聚(LL)和负相关类型高低集聚(HL)主要分布在西部地区,其中,HH、LH和LL型主要以“组团”形式出现,聚集性强,HL型则散乱分布。随时间推移,除HL型外,其余类型空间分布的整体格局较为稳定。应制定科学的环境经济和环境技术政策,加强对城市的差异化监控与管理,合理进行分区管控并推进市域之间的技术与创新合作等来增强土地集约利用与区域生态效率的协调性,促进城市可持续发展。     

乙醇柴油发动机的颗粒排放及其热解动力学分析

利用热重分析仪对柴油机燃用0#柴油和乙醇柴油排放的颗粒进行热重及其动力学分析。研究表明,柴油中添加乙醇有助于降低柴油机的颗粒排放。通过颗粒的热重分析得出,颗粒氧化过程主要发生水分挥发、可溶性物质氧化和固体碳氧化3个过程,其中,固体碳约占颗粒总量的70%,可溶性有机物约占颗粒总量的25%。通过Coats-Redfern法对颗粒热重数据进行动力学计算分析,得出柴油机燃用0#柴油的颗粒的活化能为130.3 kJ/mol,燃用乙醇柴油的颗粒的热解活化能为122.9 kJ/mol,两拟合曲线的线性回归系数均大于0.99。为开发高效的颗粒催化剂及柴油机颗粒捕集器选择适当的可再生技术提供理论依据。     

常规灌溉条件下施氮对温室土壤氨挥发的影响

为明确温室土壤的氨挥发特征,探讨适宜的减量施氮措施对氨挥发损失量及黄瓜产量的影响,在常规灌溉条件下设置了3个施氮（尿素）处理,采用通气法测定了冬春季黄瓜地中的氨挥发速率。结果表明：温室土壤在氮肥基施后7 d出现氨挥发速率峰值,但在氮肥追施后,施肥带与非施肥带的氨挥发速率峰值分别在第1 d与第5 d出现,氨挥发速率的峰值比氮肥基施时下降了8.6%～46.3%,施肥带的累积氨挥发量是非施肥带的0.91～1.54倍。冬春季黄瓜地的氨挥发损失量为16.7～26.6 kg/hm2,其中减施氮25%处理N900（900 kg/hm2）与减施氮50%处理N600（600 kg/hm2）与习惯施氮处理N1200（1 200 kg/hm2）相比,氨挥发损失量分别降低了22.1%和37.2%。而2 a黄瓜产量的平均值以处理N600（600 kg/hm2）最高,比处理N1200（1 200 kg/hm2）增加了6.52%。综合考虑氨挥发损失量、黄瓜产量及施氮量,在河北省的温室冬春季黄瓜生产中,比农民习惯氮用量（1 200 kg/hm2）减少25%～50%的措施是可行的。     

酸铝胁迫下4个速生桉优良无性系的生长反应

采用砂土培育法研究不同的酸铝处理对几种桉树优良无性系（巨尾桉9号、巨尾桉12号、尾叶桉4号、韦赤桉3号）幼苗生长及膜透性等变化的影响。试验设: pH 3.0＋0 mg/L Al3+、 pH 3.0＋120 mg/L Al3+、 pH 4.0＋0 mg/L Al3+、 pH 4.0＋120 mg/L Al3+、 pH 4.8＋0 mg/L Al3+5个处理。结果表明,不同酸铝处理对4个桉树优良无性系形态、生长指标、含水率、叶绿素含量、质膜透性和脯氨酸含量等都产生不同的影响。与对照（pH 4.8＋0 mg/L Al3+）相比,pH 3.0＋120 mg/L Al3+处理对桉树幼苗的生长产生的抑制作用明显,叶、芽皱缩、变形,苗高、地径以及各器官含水率降低,质膜透性和叶绿素含量下降,桉树幼苗累积较多的脯氨酸。其中,巨尾桉广林9号对酸铝逆境的抗性优于其它3个无性系。4个桉树优良无性系抗酸铝逆境的能力强弱依次为: 巨尾桉9号巨尾桉12号 韦赤桉3号尾叶桉4号。因此,选育耐酸铝桉树无性系品系是改善南方富铝化酸性土壤林地生产力的重要策略之一。     

Identification of new strawberry sulfur volatiles and changes during maturation

Two Florida strawberry cultivars, 'Strawberry Festival' and 'Florida Radiance', were harvested at five fruit developmental stages (white, half red, three-quarter red, full ripe, and overripe) at four harvest dates. A static headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sampling technique coupled with gas chromatography (GC) using pulsed flame photometric detection (PFPD) was employed to measure 16 sulfur volatiles in these strawberries. A total of 7 sulfur volatiles have been previously reported, and 9 are reported for the first time in strawberries. Newly identified sulfur volatiles include methyl thiopropionate, ethyl thiobutanoate, methyl thiohexanoate, methyl (methylthio)acetate, ethyl (methylthio)acetate, methyl 2-(methylthio)butyrate, methyl 3-(methylthio)propionate, ethyl 3-(methylthio)propionate, and methyl thiooctanoate. Identifications were based on matching sulfur peak linear retention indexes (LRIs) of unknowns with authentic standards and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data. Concentrations were determined using both internal and external standards. Most sulfur volatiles increased with increasing maturity, with only concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol remaining relatively consistent at all five stages. At the white and half red stages, most sulfur volatiles consisted of various alkyl sulfides. At three-quarter red (commercial ripe), full ripe, and overripe stages, the majority of sulfur volatiles consisted of sulfur esters. Most sulfur volatiles increased dramatically between the commercial ripe, full ripe, and overripe stages, increasing as much as 100% between full ripe and overripe. Principal component analysis indicated that sulfur volatiles could be used to distinguish overripe from full ripe and commercial ripe berries.     

覆膜和露地旱作春玉米生长与蒸散动态比较

利用土壤水分传感器、微型蒸渗仪与涡度相关系统,连续监测覆膜和露地春玉米田土壤水分、蒸发和农田蒸散,分析春玉米田蒸散与土壤蒸发变化规律,探讨了覆膜玉米高产节水增效的机理。结果表明:与露地相比,覆膜的表层土壤温度和体积含水率分别提高4.9%和19.5%。覆膜、露地处理玉米出苗率分别为99.0%和80.0%,其差异为显著水平,覆膜提早春玉米各生育阶段平均为7d,全生育期缩短11d。生育前期、中期,覆膜的叶面积指数、株高和地上、地下干物质均显著高于露地的,播种一个月后差异最大,分别高110.2%、13.5%、42.9%和12.7%。玉米拔节期前(6月前)和8月后至玉米成熟,覆膜的农田蒸散量分别比露地的低6.8%和0.4%,但6-8月覆膜的比露地的高5.1%。全生育期覆膜的农田蒸散量为376.2mm,降低了6.0%,且土壤蒸发降低了57.7%。最终单株平均果穗质量、生物量差异不显著。但是,由于覆膜显著提高了出苗率从而增加了单位面积生物产量和经济产量,增幅分别为23.7%和15.3%。同时,覆膜作物水分利用效率提高了22.6%,达到31.3kg/(hm2·mm)。可见,覆膜能显著降低土壤蒸发和农田总蒸散量;保水增温促出苗,提前玉米各生育期;生育中期日蒸散量和干物质积累速率较高;最终显著提高单位面积生物产量和经济产量以及作物水分利用效率。     

石灰性土壤交换性钙和镁测定方法的研究

石灰性土壤交换性盐基组成的测定,通行的方法是采用70%乙醇溶液反复洗盐,再经pH 8.50.1 mol L-1氯化铵-70%乙醇(CH3CH2OH)溶液进行多次交换处理,测定交换液中的K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+浓度。但此方法常常受操作步骤繁琐,以及土壤中碳酸盐的溶解量因多次浸提而增加的困扰,最终导致测定结果偏高。基于上述原因,选择不同浓度、不同pH的NH4OAc和NH4Cl 10种交换剂,对比分析10种交换剂中的碳酸盐溶解度和土壤交换性钙镁含量。结果表明,pH=8.5 1 mol L-1氯化铵-70%乙醇(CH3CH2OH)溶液较适合石灰性土壤交换性盐基的测定。此新方法是先经70%乙醇(CH3CH2OH)溶液洗盐,再用pH8.5 1 mol L-1氯化铵(NH4Cl)-70%乙醇(CH3CH2OH)溶液进行一次性交换处理,然后测定交换液的K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+浓度,简化了操作程序的同时有效抑制了土壤碳酸盐的溶解,降低了测定结果的偏差。