Effect of feed intake level and dietary protein content on the body temperature of pigs housed under thermo neutral conditions

Feed intake and diet composition appear to affect the body temperature of pigs. Two trials were conducted to analyse the effect of feed intake level and dietary protein content on the intestinal temperature (IT) of pigs housed under thermo neutral conditions. Ten pigs (64.1 ± 1.3 kg initial body weight) fitted with an ileal cannula were used. A thermometer set to register the IT at 5‐min intervals was implanted into the ileum through the cannula. In both trials, the ambient temperature ranged from 19.1 to 21.6°C and the pigs were fed at 07:00 and 19:00 hr (same amount each time). In trial 1, the pigs were fed daily 1.2 or 1.8 kg of a wheat–soybean meal diet. The IT followed a similar pattern along a 24‐hr period regardless the feed intake level. The IT rapidly increased up to 0.61 and 0.74°C after the morning meal and up to 0.53 and 0.47°C after the evening meal in pigs fed 1.2 and 1.8 kg/d respectively. The postprandial IT was higher in pigs fed 1.8 kg after each meal (p < .05). In trial 2, pigs were fed daily 1.8 kg of a low (11%) or a high (22%) crude protein diet. The IT followed a similar pattern along the 24‐hr period regardless the dietary protein level. The postprandial IT did not differ between pigs fed the low protein or the high protein (p > .10). The IT rapidly increased up to 0.66 and 0.62°C after the morning meal in pigs fed the high‐ and low‐protein diet (p < .05), but there was no change after the evening meal (p > .10). In conclusion, the feed intake level affected the IT of pigs housed under TN conditions, but the dietary protein content had no effect.     

兽药新化药的临床前安全评价与人用药物的差别

兽药的使用不但要保障靶动物的安全,更要保障人的食品消费安全,因此,兽药新化药研发的临床前安全评价与人用药物相比,有其独特的特点.每日允许摄入量、兽药最高残留限量和休药期的制定是兽药独有的内容.本文比较了兽药和人用药物在临床前安全评价内容的差异,为从事新药研发的毒理学工作者提供参考.     

长期饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期山羊血液生化参数及组织中糖代谢相关基因表达的影响

为了研究长期饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期山羊血液生化指标和糖代谢的影响,选择8只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康经产泌乳中期山羊,分别饲喂精粗比为40∶60 (low concentrate, LC,n=4) 和60∶40 (high concentrate, HC,n=4)的日粮。实验期共8周,实验期间采集瘤胃液,血液;实验结束时采集肝脏,肌肉,脂肪组织置于液氮速冻后于-70℃保存待测。结果显示,饲喂高精料日粮2周后山羊瘤胃液pH显著降低,采食后瘤胃液pH持续低于5.8超过3 h,8周后瘤胃液pH升高维持在6.0以上,但仍低于LC组山羊。与LC组山羊相比较,HC组山羊血液中葡萄糖、游离脂肪酸含量均升高(P<0.05,P=0.071),谷草转氨酶含量有上升的趋势(0.05相似文献   

高精料饲喂产生脂多糖对奶山羊血浆游离氨基酸分配的影响及其机制

为了探讨高精料饲喂产生LPS对奶山羊血浆游离氨基酸重分配的影响及其机制,本研究选用奶山羊6只,随机分为2组,分别饲喂精粗比为4∶6(低精料组)和6∶4(高精料组)的日粮,交叉试验设计,分2期进行,每期14d。在试验第3周测定瘤胃液pH、血液中LPS含量和游离氨基酸含量。结果表明,自第3周,高精料组山羊开始出现亚急性瘤胃酸中毒,外周血液中LPS含量显著升高(P<0.05);血浆中各氨基酸含量均发生变化,表现为Glu、Ala含量极显著降低(P<0.01),Gln、Arg、Thr、Lys、总非必需氨基酸、总游离氨基酸、总生糖氨基酸均显著低于低精料组(P<0.05)。结果提示,饲粮中精饲料比例增加,血浆氨基酸发生重分配,其机理可能与瘤胃pH下降和血液中LPS含量升高有关。     

Genotypic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep from Brazilian slaughterhouses: new atypical genotypes and the clonal type II strain identified

Toxoplasma gondii strains are genetically diverse in South America. To date, hundreds of T. gondii isolates from different animal hosts were genotyped in Brazil, most of them are different from those identified around the world. This study aimed to determine T. gondii infection rate in sheep from Brazilian slaughterhouses, as well as the genotype of these isolates. T. gondii antibodies were detected in 66/602 (10.96%) serum samples through modified agglutination test (MAT) and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). MAT-HS and IFAT-IgG presented high concordance (0.95) and strong correlation (r=0.79). T. gondii DNA was detected in tissue samples of 33% (22/66) serum positive sheep by PCR of the 529 bp repetitive element. In the bioassay in mice, T. gondii were detected in mice brain or muscle tissues in 30% (20/66) of serum positive sheep. Positive samples were typed through Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) using 11 markers: SAG1, SAG2 (5'-3'SAG2 and alt.SAG2), SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, L358, c22-8, c29-6, PK1, Apico and CS3. Of 22 samples, 13 were positive and 9 genotypes were identified. Four of these 9 genotypes are unique. Nine samples had negative results in RFLP-PCR typing, which may be due to low DNA concentration. Six isolates were virulent killing mice between 12 and 25 days postinfection. Two non-virulent isolates belonged to clonal type II genotype, which were not observed in Brazil previously. These findings confirm the high diversity and high frequency of virulent genotypes among Brazilian animals. This study also proved the presence of type II T. gondii in Brazil.     

病害动物及其产品无害化处理程序探讨

动物检疫员在产地检疫、屠宰检疫环节中．动物防疫监督人员在日常监督检查中，经常会发现病害动物、动物产品，相当多的检疫监督人员在对病害动物、动物产品进行无害化处理时，不出具任何文书，直接进行无害化处理．事后甚至没有记录，在病害动物、动物产品无害化处理程序上存在很多问题，如果货主提起行政诉讼，那动物防疫监督机构就面临着败诉的危险．笔者现就病害动物、动物产品无害化处理程序谈谈自己的看法。     

益生菌产表面活性剂研究进展

生物表面活性剂是由微生物代谢过程中产生的具有表面活性的生物化合物,大多具有抗细菌、真菌、支原体和病毒的特性以及抗粘附的功能。由益生菌产的生物表面活性剂,除具备上述功能,还在安全性方面具有独特优势,因此在预防和治疗某些疾病方面具有广阔的应用前景。本文针对产生物表面活性剂的益生菌的种类、筛选、产物的制备分离及应用等方面做一综述。     

鹌鹑肌肉肌苷酸含量和鹑肉保鲜时间的研究

用纸层析法测定鹌鹑肌肉提取液中的肌苷酸含量,实验结果表明:1.鹌鹑性别不同的肌苷酸含量(平均值):雌鹑为5.557μM/g(肉);雄鹑为5.274μM/g(肉),差异不显著(p>0.05)。2.两组不同日龄鹌鹑胸肌肌苷酸含量(平均值):35日龄为5.739μM/g,70日龄为4.941μM/g,差异极显著(p<0.01)。3.鹌鹑不同部位肌苷酸含量,胸肌明显高于腿肌,腿肌的肌苷酸含量平均值仅为胸肌的60.51％,差异极显著(p<0.01)。4.不同条件保存鹑肉时,随着时间的延长,肌肉中的肌苷酸均降解,降解速度,低温(0℃)较室温缓慢。5.测定肌肉中肌苷酸的含量可作为衡量鹌鹑肌肉鲜度的一项有用的指标。     

Responses of energy balance, physiology, and production for transition dairy cows fed with a low-energy prepartum diet during hot season

Twenty multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows calving in hot summer (S group), were compared with 20 similar control cows calving in cool autumn (C group). Diets were the same for both groups; prepartum diets had relatively low energy density. Average temperature–humidity index was 76.5 and 53.0 in summer and autumn, respectively. S group cows had significantly higher rectal temperatures (39.6 vs. 39.0 °C) and respiration rates (79.0 vs. 31.3 breaths/min) than C group, and consumed less feed (prepartum 8.0 vs. 12.3 kg/day, postpartum 16.3 vs. 21.2 kg/day). Calculated energy balance (EB) was ?7.98 vs. ?5.15 Mcal/day for S group prepartum and postpartum, respectively. In contrast, EB was 1.36 vs. ?2.03 Mcal/day for C group prepartum and postpartum, respectively. S group produced significantly less milk than C group by 15.4 % (5.2 kg/day) and 26.8 % (10.2 kg/d) for milk yield and energy-corrected milk, respectively. Percentages of milk fat (3.28 vs. 4.29 %), protein (3.08 vs. 3.33 %), and solids-not-fat (8.46 vs. 8.78 %) were significantly lower for S group. Milk urea nitrogen (19.54 vs. 13.31 mg/dL) was significantly higher in S group. Significantly lower feed efficiency was observed in S group (1.56 vs. 1.66). During the entire transition period, S group had significantly lower circulating glucose levels. S group had significantly higher levels of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) prepartum, but after 14 days in milk, NEFA was significantly lower. We conclude that increasing dietary energy density during transition period (especially prepartum) is necessary to minimize adverse effects of hot season.     

AA肉鸡腿肌重活体估测方法的探讨

以AA肉鸡商品代为试验材料,分析0、7、14、21、28、35、42日龄公、母鸡整体和腿肌的累积生长,建立腿肌重(y)与活重(x)之间的直线回归、幂回归、指数回归、对数回归及多项式回归方程,探讨腿肌重的活体估测方法。结果表明,AA肉鸡的腿肌在后期生长迅速,尤其是公鸡在35～42日龄时期表现突出;腿肌重(y)与活重(x)的幂回归、直线回归、多项式回归方程的拟合精度均在0.95左右,效果较好。