Comparison of ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions during the fattening of pigs, kept either on fully slatted floor or on deep litter

Five successive batches of fattening pigs were raised, each during a four month period, on a totally concrete slatted floor in one experimental room and on straw based deep litter in another. The rooms were automatically ventilated to maintain a constant ambient temperature. Available floor space was of 0.75 m² per pig kept on the slatted floor and 1.20 m² per pig kept on the deep litter. With this last system, about 46 kg of straw were supplied per pig throughout a fattening period. The slurry pit was emptied and the litter removed after each batch. Once a month, the emissions of ammonia (NH₃), nitrous oxide (N₂O), methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water vapour (H₂O) were measured continuously for 6 consecutive days by infra-red photoacoustic detection.The performance of the animals was not significantly different according to the floor type.Gaseous emissions from pigs raised on the slatted floor and on the deep litter were, respectively, 6.2 and 13.1 g per pig per day for NH₃, 0.54 and 1.11 g per pig per day for N₂O, 16.3 and 16.0 g per pig per day for CH₄, 1.74 and 1.97 kg per pig per day for CO₂ and 2.48 and 3.70 kg per pig per day for H₂O. Except for the CH₄ emissions, all the differences were significant (P < 0.001). Thus, pig fattening on deep litter releases nearly 20% more greenhouse gases than on slatted floor, with 2.64 and 2.24 kg of CO₂-equivalents, respectively (P < 0.001). Whatever the floor type, emissions increased from the beginning to the end of the fattening periods by about 5 times for NH₃, 4 times for N₂O, 3 times for CH₄ and 2 times for CO₂ and H₂O. Correlation coefficients between CO₂-emissions and H₂O, NH₃ and CH₄ emissions were, on average for both floor types, 0.82, 0.77 and 0.74, respectively.Although rearing pigs on straw generally has a good brand image for the consumer, this rearing system produces more pollutant gases than keeping pigs on slatted floors.     

Fragrance heritability in Hybrid Tea roses

Most of the Hybrid Tea roses that are sold as cut flowers are non-scented, despite the long-standing interest of the perfume industry to rose scent. In the absence of comprehensive knowledge on the genetic and biochemistry of volatile biosynthesis in roses, we decided to characterize a Hybrid Tea progeny obtained from parents that emit very different scents. First, we identified the 11 most abundant volatile compounds synthesized by the progeny, and a short review is given for each one that describes their occurrence in the genus Rosa, in the parents and the studied progeny. We have then used statistical analysis on the distribution of volatiles among individual progeny members to unveil the laws of segregation of the scent traits in this cross. As a general rule, the quantity and quality of volatile compounds was lower in the progeny members. Variations in scent quality were mostly linked to the quantity of monoterpenes that was present. Offsprings emitting a pleasant fragrance were, in practice, found to be rare.     

Experimental infection of N'Dama cattle with trypanosomes usingGlossina palpalis gambiensis caught in the wild

Summary The transmissibility of trypanosome infection to N'Dama cattle by tsetse flies caught in the field was examined. Wild-caughtGlossina palpalis gambiensis were transferred singly into small numbered cages and allowed to feed on 14 uninfected N'Dama cattle. Following a completed feed the tsetse were dissected and infection in the proboscis, the salivary glands and the gut was recorded. Each animal was bitten by a number of tsetse ranging from five up to 64 flies. Following dissection of the tsetse flies, seven of the cattle were found to have been bitten by a single infected tsetse, five by two, while the remaining two were each fed upon by three infected tsetse. The tsetse were harbouring eitherTrypanosoma vivax or a trypanosome species belonging to theNannomonas subgenus or both species. The experimental animals were monitored daily over a period of three months for the appearance of trypanosomes in the blood and for antibodies in their sera. Other parameters such as body temperature, local skin reactions, packed red cell volume and weight changes were also measured. Trypanosomes were first detected eight days after the infective bite. Only five of the 14 cattle became infected, of which three had been exposed to a single infected tsetse fly.Trypanosoma vivax was detected in one animal,Trypanosoma congolense in two cattle and mixed infections of both species in the remaining two animals. These findings show that N'Dama cattle can become infected with trypanosomes through the bite of a single infected tsetse fly under field conditions. However, only five (possibly eight) of the 23 infected tsetse were able to transmit the parasites successfully.

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Infeccion Experimental De Ganado N'Dama Con Tripanosomas UsandoGlossina Palpalis Gambiensis Atrapadas En El Campo

Resumen Se estudió la transmisibilidad de infecciones con tripanosomas a ganado N'Dama, a través de moscas tsetse atrapadas en el campo. LasGlossina palpalis gambiensis atrapadas, fueron transferidas individualmente a jaulas numeradas, donde se alimentaron sobre 14 animales N'Dama sin infección alguna.Una vez completada una comida, las moscas se disecaron buscándose infecciones en la proboscis, glándulas salivares e intestino. Cada animal fue picado por un buen número de moscas, en un rango de cinco a 64. Seguida a la disección de las moscas tsetse, siete bovinos fueron picados por una sola mosca infectada; cinco por dos, mientras que los otros dos fueron cada uno picado por tres tsetse infectadas. Las moscas estaban infectadas conTrypanosoma vivax o con especies de tripanosomas pertenecientes al subgéneroNannomonas, o por ambas especies.Los animales fueron seguidos clínicamente día a día por un período de tres meses por la presencia de tripanosomas en la sangre y anticuerpos en el suero. Se tomaron en cuenta otros parámetros como la temperatura corporal, reacciones cutáneas locales, volumen corpuscular celular y peso corporal. Los primeros tripanosomas se detectaron ocho días después de la picadura de moscas infectadas. Solamente cinco de los 14 bovinos se infectaron, de los cuales tres, habían sido expuestos a una única tsetse infectada. Se detectóTrypanosoma vivax en un animal,T. congolense en dos bovinos más e infecciones mixtas en los otros dos.Estos hallazgos demuestran, que el ganado N'Dama puede infectarse con tripanosomiasis, seguidamente de la picadura de una sola tsetse infectada bajo condiciones de campo. Sin embargo, solamente cinco (posiblemente ocho) de las 23 tsetse infectadas, fueron capaces de transmitir el parásito exitosamente.

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Infection Experimentale De Bovins N'Dama Avec Des Trypanosomes A l'Aide DeGlossina Palpalis Gambiensis Capturees A l'Etat Sauvage

Résumé La transmissibilité de possibilité de transmission de la trypanosomose à des bovins N'Dama par des mouches tsé-tsé capturées sur le terrain a été examinée. DesGlossina palpalis gambiensis capturées à l'état sauvage ont été transférées individuellement dans de petities cages numérotées et placées pour se nourrir sur 14 bovins N'Dama indemnes.A la suite d'un repas complet, les mouches ont été disséquées et on a enregistré l'infection dans le proboscis, les glandes salivaires et l'intestin. Chaque animal a été piqué par un nombre de mouches allant de cinq à soixante quatre. A la suite de la dissection des glossines, on a trouvé que sept bovins avaient été piqués par une seule mouche infectée, cinq par deux mouches, alors que les deux derniers avaient servi à nourrir chacun trois glossines infectées. Les mouches tsé-tsé hébergeaient soitTrypanosoma vivax ou une espèce de trypanosomes appartenant au sous genreNannomonas ou par les deux espèces.Les animaux d'expérience ont été suivis quotidiennement pendant trois mois pour observer l'apparition des trypanosomes dans le sang et des anticorps dans leur sérum. D'autre paramètres tels que la température corporelle, les réactions cutanées locales, le volume erythrocytaire et les variations pondérales ont également été mesurés. Les trypanosomes ont été détectés pour la première fois huit jours après la morsure infectante. Seuls cinq des 14 bovins se sont infectés, parmi lesquels trois avaient été exposés à une seule mouche infectée. On a détéctéTrypanosoma vivax chez un animal,T. congolense chez deux bovins et des infections mixtes des deux espèces chez les deux derniers animaux infectés. Ces observations montrent que les bovins N'Dama peuvent devenir infectés par des trypanosomes par la piqure d'une unique mouche tsé-tsé infectée dans les conditions du terrain. Cependant, seulement cinq (peut-être huit) des 23 glosssines infectées ont été capables de transmettre les parasites avec succès.

     

Are Phenological Observations Sufficient to Estimate the Quality of Seed Crops from a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus grandis</Emphasis> Open-pollinated Seed Orchard? Consequences for Seed Collections

Reproductive phenology was observed over three years in a Eucalyptus grandis seed orchard in Madagascar to determine the impact of geographic differences of parental selections on the expected genetic composition of seed crops. Pollen flow (observed pollen cloud) was deduced from a paternity assignment based on sampling from one year’s seed production. The two approaches were used to verify whether knowledge of phenology is sufficient to predict the genetic quality of the seeds collected. Despite the high flowering level, with a constant cycle over three years, the results demonstrated wide reproductive phenological differences associated with the parents’ origin, suggesting putative pollination disequilibrium. From both observed and expected pollen clouds, the results showed preferential mating among different provenances, which has consequences for seed crop composition. Phenological observations, which can be made inexpensively, can be used to promote methods of effective seed orchard management in order to improve the genetic quality of seeds.     

Charcoal affects early development and hormonal concentrations of somatic embryos of hybrid larch

Embryogenic tissue of hybrid larch (Larix x marschlinsii Coaz) was multiplied on Medium M (modified MSG medium supplemented with the plant growth regulators (PGRs) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D; 9 microM) and N-6-benzyladenine (2.25 microM)). After 1 week, cultures were transferred to either MSG lacking PGRs (Medium C-) or MSG lacking PGRs but supplemented with 1% activated charcoal (Medium C+). Embryos were sampled after 1 week on Medium M, C- or C+. Embryos were analyzed by ELISA for abscisic acid (ABA), abscisic acid-glucose ester, 2,4-D, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-aspartate (IAAsp), zeatin (Z), zeatin riboside (ZR), isopentenyladenine (iP) and isopentenyladenosine (iPA). Transfer of embryos to Medium C+ reduced the embryo concentrations of 2,4-D and iPA, but resulted in elevated concentrations of IAA, IAAsp, ABA, Z, ZR and iP. Charcoal reduced 2,4-D concentrations of embryos by an order of magnitude greater than PGR-free medium alone. Charcoal affected embryo concentrations of five of the eight PGRs quantified. Use of either C+ or C- medium as part of the maturation protocols also affected germination and plantlet establishment of the embryos. A 1-week treatment on Medium C+ positively influenced plantlet establishment and generally reduced variability during both germination and plantlet establishment.     

A commentary on current approaches to forest population genetics

Some of the most frequently chosen approaches to forest population genetics as reflected in the present volume are discussed, and some topics possibly deserving more attention are addressed. Among the first are studies of self-fertilization as a characteristic of forest tree mating systems, gene markers as indicators of adaptive or phylogenetic differentiation, and methodological aspects of the measurement of genetic differentiation. The latter mainly concern generalizable methods of analysis and the involvement of gene markers in the determination of mating systems, detection of mechanisms of frequency dependent selection, and the incorporation of genetic profiles (characteristics of frequency distributions of genetic types) into population genetic analysis.     

Improving the design of long-term monitoring experiments in forests: a new method for the assessment of local soil variability by combining infrared spectroscopy and dendrometric data

Key message

Near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy allows for the detection of local patterns of forest soil properties. In combination with dendrometric data, it may be used as a prospective tool for determining soil heterogeneity before setting up long-term forest monitoring experiments.

Context

Forest soils and stands generally exhibit higher spatial heterogeneity than other terrestrial ecosystems. This variability needs be taken into account before setting up long-term forest monitoring experiments to avoid multiple interactions between local heterogeneity and the factors tested in the experiment.

Aims

We hypothesized that raw near- and mid-infrared spectra can be used as an integrated proxy of a large set of soil properties. The use of this method, in combination with dendrometric data, should provide a quick and cost-effective tool for optimizing the design of experimental forest sites.

Methods

We assessed the local soil heterogeneity at 11 experimental sites in oak and beech stands, which belong to a new forest long-term ecological research (LTER) network. We used near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy in soil and litter samples. The spectra were subjected to principal components analyses (PCA) to determine the intra-site variability of the soil and litter layers.

Results

Based on mapped PCA coordinates and basic dendrometric data, it was possible to design the experiment and minimize the interactions between the treatment layout and the tested variables. The method was validated with chemical analyses of the soil. No interaction was detected at the set-up of the experiment between the treatment layout and chemical soil properties (C, N, C/N ratio, pH, CEC, Al, Mg, P₂O₅, Fe, Mn, Na, and K).

Conclusion

Near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy is a useful tool for characterizing the overall heterogeneity of soil chemical properties. It can be used without any preliminary calibration. In combination with dendrometric data, it provides a reliable method for optimizing LTER plots in different types of ecosystems.

     

Morphological and physiological responses of beech (Fagus sylvatica) seedlings to grass-induced below ground competition

We examined morphological and physiological responses of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings to grass-induced below ground competition in full-light conditions. Two-year-old beech seedlings were grown during two growing seasons in 160-l containers in bare soil or with a mixture of five grass species widely represented in semi-natural meadows of central France. At the end of the second growing season, beech seedlings in the presence of grass showed significant reductions in diameter and height growth, annual shoot elongation, and stem, root and leaf biomass, but an increase in root to shoot biomass ratio. Grasses greatly reduced soil water availability, which was positively correlated with daily seedling diameter increment. Beech seedlings seemed to respond to water deficit by anticipating stomatal closure. There was evidence of competition for nitrogen (N) by grasses, but its effect on seedling development could not be separated from that of competition for water. By labeling the plants with 15N, we showed that beech seedlings absorbed little N when grasses were present, whereas grasses took up more than 97% of the total N absorbed in the container. We conclude that, even if beech seedlings display morphological and physiological adaptation to below ground competition, their development in full-light conditions may be strongly restricted by competition from grass species.     

Toward metrological traceability for DNA fragment ratios in GM quantification. 2. Systematic study of parameters influencing the quantitative determination of MON 810 corn by real-time PCR

This paper is part of a set of three papers investigating metrological traceability of the quantification of DNA fragments as, for instance, used for quantification of genetic modifications. This paper evaluates the possible impact of several factors on results of real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) measurements. It was found that the particle size of the powder samples does not have an influence, whereas the nature of the calibrant (plasmidic or genomic DNA) has a significant effect. Moreover, two real-time PCR detection methods (construct-specific and event-specific) for MON 810 corn were compared. The results obtained in a specifically designed interlaboratory study revealed a significant influence of the DNA extraction method on measurement results when the MON 810 construct-specific real-time PCR detection method was applied. Statistical analyses confirmed the importance of validating DNA extraction methods in conjunction with real-time PCR methods.