Erratum to Variation in aggressiveness of Plasmopara halstedii (sunflower downy mildew).

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection -     

Production of tobacco mosaic virus in and its infectivity from leaves of two Nicotiana species treated with 6-azauracil

A correlation between the amount of virus as determined by infectivity test and that determined by a serological-spectrophotometric method was established in leaf discs ofNicotiana tabacum White Burley which had floated on a solution of 6-azauracil (AzU) before and after inoculation with tobacco mosaic virus. More virus, determined in the two different ways, was present in the AzU-than in the water-treated leaf discs at 24 and 48 h after inoculation. Thereafter, the amount of virus was less than that in the control. The inhibitory effect of the pyrimidine analogue on the amount of infectivity in sap from AzU-treated discs proved to be dependent on the dilution of sap used. The higher the dilution the more inhibition occurred.In inoculated leaf discs ofNicotiana glutinosa the formation of local lesions in the AzU-treated series was strongly inhibited at 48 h after inoculation whereas at that time the amount of virus determined by the serological-spectrophotometric method was higher than that in the water-treated control ones. The latter mentioned stimulating effect disappeared later than 48 h after inoculation and gave way to inhibition.The infectivity of tobacco mosaic virus from AzU-treated leaf discs of White Burley tobacco was 23% of that from water-treated controls when undiluted clarified sap was used.     

The occurrence of inclusion bodies in leaf epidermis cells of sandal affected with spike disease

Round or slightly oval inclusion bodies were found in low numbers in epidermal cells of spiked (expressing spike disease symptoms) leaves. They could not be demonstrated in epidermal tissue of apparently healthy leaves. The intracellular inclusions stained with phloxine and rose bengal. Their relationship to sandal spike virus is discussed.     

AAHA dental care guidelines for dogs and cats

The purpose of this document is to provide guidelines for the practice of companion animal dentistry for the veterinary profession. Dental care is necessary to provide optimum health and quality of life. Diseases of the oral cavity, if left untreated, are often painful and can contribute to other local or systemic diseases. This paper includes guidelines for materials and equipment, dental cleaning and evaluation, client communication, and pet home care.     

Identification of a novel hemotropic mycoplasma in a splenectomized dog with hemic neoplasia

A 3-year-old sexually intact male Bull Mastiff underwent splenectomy for splenic thrombosis; prior to and after splenectomy, multiple blood transfusions were administered. Two weeks after the procedure, T-cell lymphoproliferative disease was diagnosed. Treatment with prednisone and chlorambucil was initiated, and 2 weeks later, cytologic examination of a blood smear revealed small (0.3 microm), coccoid basophilic bodies on the surface of approximately 70% of the RBCs. Morphologically, these resembled "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum." A polymerase chain reaction assay was used to amplify a partial 16S rRNA sequence in blood obtained from the dog; the product was sequenced and compared with 16S rRNA gene sequences of other hemotropic mycoplasmas. The sequence was 98% homologous to that of "Candidatus M haemominutum", but only 77% homologous to that of M haemocanis and M haemofelis.     

Risk of postnatal exposure to Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi in horses

OBJECTIVE: To estimate risk of exposure and age at first exposure to Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi and time to maternal antibody decay in foals. ANIMALS: 484 Thoroughbred and Warmblood foals from 4 farms in California. PROCEDURE: Serum was collected before and after colostrum ingestion and at 3-month intervals thereafter. Samples were tested by use of the indirect fluorescent antibody test; cutoff titers were > or = 40 and > or = 160 for S neurona and N hughesi, respectively. RESULTS: Risk of exposure to S neurona and N hughesi during the study were 8.2% and 3.1%, respectively. Annual rate of exposure was 3.1% for S neurona and 1.7% for N hughesi. There was a significant difference in the risk of exposure to S neurona among farms but not in the risk of exposure to N hughesi. Median age at first exposure was 1.2 years for S neurona and 0.8 years for N hughesi. Highest prevalence of antibodies against S neurona and N hughesi was 6% and 2.1 %, respectively, at a mean age of 1.7 and 1.4 years, respectively. Median time to maternal antibody decay was 96 days for S neurona and 91 days for N hughesi. There were no clinical cases of equine protozoal myeloenchaphlitis (EPM). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Exposure to S neurona and N hughesi was low in foals between birth and 2.5 years of age. Maternally acquired antibodies may cause false-positive results for 3 or 4 months after birth, and EPM was a rare clinical disease in horses < or = 2.5 years of age.     

Characterization of Glucose Response Curves after Insulin Injection in Sensitive versus Insensitive Mares

The glucose responses to intravenous injections of a range of doses of recombinant human insulin were determined for six mares known to be insulin sensitive and six mares known to be insulin insensitive, with the goal of better characterizing the regression lines resulting from the two categories of mares. Insulin doses between 8 and 198 mU of insulin per kg of body weight (mU/kg BW) were administered intravenously between September 13 and 26, 2010, starting with 50 mU/kg BW on the first day. Higher and lower doses were administered on alternate days to obtain percentages of decreases in blood glucose concentrations between 10% and 70%. Linear regression analysis revealed that insulin-insensitive mares have glucose response curves with higher y intercepts (P = .066), less steep slopes (P = .0003), and less goodness of fit (P = .053) in addition to the expected greater dose required to produce a 50% reduction in blood glucose concentrations (ED50; P = .006), despite the similarities between their body weights and those of insulin-sensitive mares. Linear and nonlinear regression of responses to the 32, 50, and 79 mU/kg BW insulin doses with the overall estimates of ED50 and the natural log of ED50 indicated that the 50 mU/kg BW dose had the greatest coefficient of determination (>0.95). Generally, it appears that estimates of insulin sensitivity based on a single injection of insulin or on multiple injections of insulin are least variable for insulin-sensitive mares.