The effects of CO2 gas stunning on meat quality of cattle compared with captive bolt stunning

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of CO₂ gas stunning which has not been conducted until now in comparison with captive bolt stunning on the meat quality of cattle. A total of 40 steers were slaughtered following two stunning processes: CO₂ gas stunning (n=20), exposure at 70% CO₂ gas atmosphere for 140 sec; and captive bolt stunning (CBS, n=20). The slaughtered steers were classified into Group A (620–710 kg) and Group B (720–790 kg) by their live weight. CO₂ gas stunning decreases pH value (p<0.05) but increases lightness (p<0.001) and sarcomere length (p<0.001 and p<0.01 for Group A and Group B, respectively) in all live weight groups. Drip loss was increased with CO₂ gas stunning in Group A (620–710 kg of live weight) (p<0.05), whereas WBSF was decreased with CO₂ gas stunning in Group B (720–790 kg of live weight) (p<0.001). Therefore, CO₂ gas stunning negatively affects muscle pH and water-holding capacity in steers but CO₂ gas stunning can improve the tenderness and lightness compared with captive bolt stunning in cattle.     

A Study on Thought of Tea of Hanjae Yi-mok＇s Da-bu

The Da-bu of Hanjae Lee mok （1471-1498） is known as an original masterpiece,which is predominantly documented in Korean tea books.He had always spared no effort to put Confucianists＇ theories and thoughts into practice during his 28-year career.Da-bu tea magnificently reflected his concepts of Confucianism in conjunction with tea-drinking activities.The main contents of Da-bu have included written authors,tea species and production,landscape of tea cultivation,tea plants and leaves,ways of tea-drinking and three-grade tea,tea song of seven cups,5 merits and 6 moralities of tea,benefits of tea-drinking,tea comprehension,etc.According to the views of contents,tea of Hanjae Leemok is the only partner with which we can share life and it can also be beneficial to healthy diets.Not only does it have become part of our daily life,but also be a medicine for our physical and mental disease.He composed the tea song of seven cups,which sufficiently expressed a real practice of the pursued ideal state of Confucianism and Taoism.He also promoted a drinking tea for health enrichment of Confucianists.According to the analytical results of Da-bu,Hanjae＇s tea has recognizably become the personally real practice of Confucianism and state.He had reached the enlightenment for the state of birth and death.After consuming tea,his body and mind immediately changed to the state of joys and wonderland,and also he illustrated that this feeling is not a one-off state,it always comes out whenever drinking.Therefore,based on Hanjae Lee mok,tea drinking is not only the regiment for healthy benefits,but also it is a training method,＂ Dado in My Heart＂,for individuals to train their mind,body,and morality.     

Development of a qPCR test to detect and quantify Elsinoë piri in unsprayed and organic apple orchards and assessment of apple cultivar susceptibility to the disease

Recently, Elsinoë piri has become an important pathogen in unsprayed and organic apple orchards. The increasing demand for organic apples as well as the limited use of fungicides imposed by European legislation has turned this pathogen, which has been known for over a century in Europe, into a resurgent phytosanitary threat. It also represents a new trait to be taken into account in apple breeding programmes. As E. piri is extremely difficult to isolate and causes symptoms that can be confused with those caused by other pathogens, a quantitative PCR (qPCR) test has been developed based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA gene. This test, which displays a low limit of detection, allows the early detection of the fungus in apple leaves. As a quantitative method, it is a promising tool for breeding purposes as it can be used on leaves to assess the level of quantitative resistance of apple cultivars to the disease. The molecular test is also useful to gain knowledge on the epidemiology of this re-emerging fungal disease. Spore trapping conducted in 2015, 2016 and 2020 using Rotorod devices and the qPCR test showed that airborne inoculum is released at the end of the growing season. Tests were also carried out to demonstrate that the pathogen was detected in buds during winter. A comparison of 18 E. piri isolates based on the sequencing of five genome regions highlighted a high genotypic diversity. All these isolates were detected with the qPCR test developed in this study.     

调整农村产业结构推进“三高”农业稳步发展

本文首先阐明了发展“三高”农业和农村产业结构调整是农民，农业和农村经济走向市场经济的必由之路，论述了“三高”农业与农村产业结构调整之间的辨证关系，以及在社会主义市场经济条件下，农业产业结构调整的原则和方向，并按照市场经济的要求，提出调整农村产业结构的指导思想和内容，指出了调整农业产业结构的对策和主要措施。     

Bora and the kinase Aurora a cooperatively activate the kinase Plk1 and control mitotic entry

A central question in the study of cell proliferation is, what controls cell-cycle transitions? Although the accumulation of mitotic cyclins drives the transition from the G2 phase to the M phase in embryonic cells, the trigger for mitotic entry in somatic cells remains unknown. We report that the synergistic action of Bora and the kinase Aurora A (Aur-A) controls the G2-M transition. Bora accumulates in the G2 phase and promotes Aur-A-mediated activation of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), leading to the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and mitotic entry. Mechanistically, Bora interacts with Plk1 and controls the accessibility of its activation loop for phosphorylation and activation by Aur-A. Thus, Bora and Aur-A control mitotic entry, which provides a mechanism for one of the most important yet ill-defined events in the cell cycle.     

Imaging evaluation of the liver using multi-detector row computed tomography in micropigs as potential living liver donors

The shortage of organ donors has stimulated interest in the possibility of using animal organs for transplantation into humans. In addition, pigs are now considered to be the most likely source animals for human xenotransplantation because of their advantages over non-human primates. However, the appropriate standard values for estimations of the liver of micropigs have not been established. The determination of standard values for the micropig liver using multi-detector row computed tomography (MDCT) would help to select a suitable donor for an individual patient, determine the condition of the liver of the micropigs and help predict patient prognosis. Therefore, we determined the standard values for the livers of micropigs using MDCT. The liver parenchyma showed homogenous enhancement and had no space-occupying lesions. The total and right lobe volumes of the liver were 698.57 ± 47.81 ml and 420.14 ± 26.70 ml, which are 51.74% and 49.35% of the human liver volume, respectively. In micropigs, the percentage of liver volume to body weight was approximately 2.05%. The diameters of the common hepatic artery and proper hepatic artery were 6.24 ± 0.20 mm and 4.68 ± 0.13 mm, respectively. The hepatic vascular system of the micropigs was similar to that of humans, except for the variation in the length of the proper hepatic artery. In addition, the diameter of the portal vein was 11.27 ± 0.38 mm. In conclusion, imaging evaluation using the MDCT was a reliable method for liver evaluation and its vascular anatomy for xenotransplantation using micropigs.     

Inclusion of sire by herd interaction effect in the genomic evaluation for weaning weight of American Angus

A spurious negative genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects of weaning weight (WW) in beef cattle has historically been problematic for researchers and industry. Previous research has suggested the covariance between sires and herds may be contributing to this relationship. The objective of this study was to estimate the variance components (VC) for WW in American Angus with and without sire by herd (S×H) interaction effect when genomic information is used or not. Five subsets of ~100k animals for each subset were used. When genomic information was included, genotypes were added for 15,637 animals. Five replicates were performed. Four different models were tested, namely, M1: without S×H interaction effect and with covariance between direct and maternal effect (σam) ≠ 0; M2: with S×H interaction effect and σam ≠ 0; M3: without S×H interaction effect and with σam = 0; M4: with S×H interaction effect and σam = 0. VC were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and single-step genomic REML (ssGREML) with the average information algorithm. Breeding values were computed using single-step genomic BLUP for the models above and one additional model, which had the covariance zeroed after the estimation of VC (M5). The ability of each model to predict future breeding values was investigated with the linear regression method. Under REML, when the S×H interaction effect was added to the model, both direct and maternal genetic variances were greatly reduced, and the negative covariance became positive (i.e., when moving from M1 to M2). Similar patterns were observed under ssGREML, but with less reduction in the direct and maternal genetic variances and still a negative covariance. Models with the S×H interaction effect (M2 and M4) had a better fit according to the Akaike information criteria. Breeding values from those models were more accurate and had less bias than the other three models. The rankings and breeding values of artificial insemination sires (N = 1,977) greatly changed when the S×H interaction effect was fit in the model. Although the S×H interaction effect accounted for 3% to 5% of the total phenotypic variance and improved the model fit, this change in the evaluation model will cause severe reranking among animals.     

水稻抽穗扬花期耐热性的QTL分析

培育高产稳产、对环境钝感的优质杂交稻新组合已成为当前水稻育种的重要目标;近年高温造成水稻结实率显著下降而导致产量的严重损失,水稻耐热性的改良也日益迫切。本研究用一个籼粳交重组自交系群体构建遗传连锁图谱,图谱拟合157个SSR标记位点,覆盖水稻基因组2352．62cM,标记间平均遗传距离14．89cM。以常温和高温结实率的差值作为耐热指数,采用复合区间作图法,对水稻抽穗扬花期的耐热性进行了QTL分析,在第2、3、5连锁群上检测到3个新的耐热QTL。贡献率为：6．59％、10．72％和10．7％,联合贡献率为28．01％。     

Taeanamides A and B,Nonribosomal Lipo-Decapeptides Isolated from an Intertidal-Mudflat-Derived Streptomyces sp.

Two new lipo-decapeptides, namely taeanamides A and B (1 and 2), were discovered from the Gram-positive bacterium Streptomyces sp. AMD43, which was isolated from a mudflat sample from Anmyeondo, Korea. The exact molecular masses of 1 and 2 were revealed by high-resolution mass spectrometry, and the planar structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated using NMR spectroscopy. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined using a combined analysis of ¹H-¹H coupling constants and ROESY correlations, the advanced Marfey’s method, and bioinformatics. The putative nonribosomal peptide synthetase pathway for the taeanamides was identified by analyzing the full genome sequence data of Streptomyces sp. AMD43. We also found that taeanamide A exhibited mild anti-tuberculosis bioactivity, whereas taeanamide B showed significant bioactivity against several cancer cell lines.     

几种饲料添加剂对产蛋鸡生产性能、生化指标的影响

以基础日粮中添加土霉素和低聚木糖、产酶益生素、中药"绿益康"3种生物制剂为处理.研究各处理组对产蛋鸡生产性能、生化指标的影响.试验表明:3种生物制剂处理组的平均产蛋率和料蛋比均显著优于空白对照组和土霉素处理组(P<0.05);同时3处理组谷丙转氨酶活性、甘油三脂含量、低密度脂蛋白含量、血清尿素氮、血糖含量与空白对照组和土霉素处理组相比都有所降低,总胆固醇含量与空白对照组和土霉素处理组相比显著降低.综合各项指标,以添加0.01%低聚木糖的试验2组效果为最佳.