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31.
The residual effect of 2-year-old swards of clover-ryegrass mixture and ryegrass in monoculture on yield and N uptake in a subsequent winter wheat crop was investigated by use of the 15N dilution method and by mathematical modelling. The amount of N in the wheat crop, derived from clover-ryegrass residues was 25–43% greater than that derived from residues of ryegrass which had been growing in monoculture. Expressed in absolute values, the N uptake in the subsequent winter wheat crop was 23–28 kg N ha −1 greater after clover-ryegrass mixture than after ryegrass in monoculture. Up to about 54 kg N ha−1 of the N mineralised from the clover-ryegrass crop was calculated to be leached, whereas only 11 kg N ha−1 was leached following ryegrass in monoculture. 相似文献
32.
33.
Dongchen An Ernesto Lopes Pinheiro-Junior Lszl Bress Irina Gladkikh Elena Leychenko Eivind A. B. Undheim Steve Peigneur Jan Tytgat 《Marine drugs》2022,20(2)
(1) Background: G protein-coupled inward-rectifier potassium (GIRK) channels, especially neuronal GIRK1/2 channels, have been the focus of intense research interest for developing drugs against brain diseases. In this context, venom peptides that selectively activate GIRK channels can be seen as a new source for drug development. Here, we report on the identification and electrophysiological characterization of a novel activator of GIRK1/2 channels, AsKC11, found in the venom of the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata. (2) Methods: AsKC11 was purified from the sea anemone venom by reverse-phase chromatography and the sequence was identified by mass spectrometry. Using the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique, the activity of AsKC11 on GIRK1/2 channels was studied and its selectivity for other potassium channels was investigated. (3) Results: AsKC11, a Kunitz peptide found in the venom of A. sulcata, is the first peptide shown to directly activate neuronal GIRK1/2 channels independent from Gi/o protein activity, without affecting the inward-rectifier potassium channel (IRK1) and with only a minor effect on KV1.6 channels. Thus, AsKC11 is a novel activator of GIRK channels resulting in larger K+ currents because of an increased chord conductance. (4) Conclusions: These discoveries provide new insights into a novel class of GIRK activators. 相似文献
34.
水稻受稻瘟病菌侵染后过氧化物酶定位的超微观察 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10
利用联苯胺蓝(3,3'-diaminobenzidine, DAB)染色法原位检测了水稻 稻瘟病菌互作过程中H2O2和过氧化物酶被诱导产生和积累的过程。结果表明在病原菌接种后,水稻叶鞘内表皮细胞在伤口、气孔保卫细胞及病菌侵染点等3种情况下可以检测到染色反应。在水稻-稻瘟病菌非亲和性互作中,H2O2产生和过氧化物酶活性上升快,并逐渐积累到较高的水平;而在亲和性互作反应中,H2O2产生和过氧化物酶活性上升被延迟,积累水平较低。超微结构研究表明,在非亲和性互作反应中,过氧化物酶主要定位于被侵染寄主细胞的细胞壁、细胞质、细胞膜、侵染菌丝周围及由膜系统构成的囊泡膜上;而在亲和性互作反应中,早期(接种后16 h)几乎难以观察到过氧化物酶的聚集,后期(接种后30 h)过氧化物酶聚集增多,但仍明显低于非亲和性互作反应。 相似文献
35.
Meadowfoam ( Limnanthes alba) is an oilseed crop grown in western Oregon. The seed meal has potential value as a biopesticide due to glucosinolate degradation products and phytoecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated triterpenoids with potent activities as arthropod molting hormones. Liquid chromatography in combination with tandem mass spectrometry operated in the precursor ion mode revealed the presence of four ecdysteroid glycosides in meadowfoam seed meal. The carbohydrate sequence and the identity of the ecdysteroid aglycones, ponasterone A and 20-hydroxyecdysone, were determined by product ion scanning. Ecdysteroids were detected in the negative ion mode as [M + formate] (-) ions, which yielded [M - H] (-) and alpha-cleavage fragments with retention of hydroxyl groups in MS/MS experiments (not seen in the positive ion mode), allowing the determination of the number of hydroxyl groups in the side chain and in the steroid ring system. MS/MS of glycoside ions ([MH] (+) or [M + formate] (-)) provided carbohydrate sequence information. 相似文献
36.
Organic geochemical parameters for estimation of petrogenic inputs in the coastal area of Kavala City,Greece 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anna Grigoriadou Jan Schwarzbauer Andreas Georgakopoulos 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2008,8(4):253-262
Background, aims, and scope Sediments and soils in coastal areas are frequently polluted by anthropogenic contaminants as the result of both riverine
or terrestrial discharge and autochthonic marine emissions. In order to determine petrogenic contamination in the coastal
industrial area of Kavala City in northern Greece, a combination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and organic geochemical
petroleum biomarker analyses has been performed on marine and freshwater sediments as well as soils.
Materials and methods Soils, freshwater, and marine sediments have been treated by standard extraction methods. The dried and desulphurized sample
extracts have been fractionated by column chromatography, followed by addition of surrogate standards. Qualitative and quantitative
data were obtained by gas chromatograph connected with a flame ionization and electron capture detector (GC-FID/ECD) and by
GC linked to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS), whereas identification of compounds was based on EI+-mass spectra and gas chromatographic retention times. Quantitative data were obtained by integration of specific ion chromatograms.
Results The total PAH concentrations measured in the area varied highly, showing different levels from 18 up to 318,000 ng g−1 dry weight (dw). Several PAH ratios, as well as the ratio of pristane (Pr) to phytane (Phyt), have been considered. Out of
39 samples, 22 revealed a specific distribution of hopane fingerprints indicating petrogenic input. Finally, in numerous samples,
the ratio of 17α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane (Tm) and 18α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane (Ts) was calculated, as well as the ratio
of 22S-17α(H),21β(H)-30 homohopane (αβC31-hopane 22S) and 22R-17α(H),21β(H)-30 homohopane (αβC31-hopane 22R).
Discussion Based on the specific PAH ratios, a group of samples was clearly characterized to be contaminated dominantly by combustion-derived
emissions, whereas a second group of samples exhibited mixed influence from petrogenic and pyrogenic PAHs. On the other hand,
the exhibition of specific hopane fingerprints in many samples indicates a direct petrogenic input. Finally, the values of
the ratio of Tm/(Ts + Tm) and of αβC31-hopanes 22S/(22S+22R)-isomer demonstrated an input of highly mature organic matter that has to be clearly attributed to petroleum-derived
contamination, while the ratio of Pr/Phyt showed that most samples exhibited an input of organic matter.
Conclusions The coastal area of Kavala is strongly affected by anthropogenic contaminants. Petrogenic emissions were pointed out firstly
by PAH analyses that separated dominantly pyrogenic contaminated sites from areas affected by both pyrogenic and petrogenic
emissions. However, analyses of organic geochemical biomarkers revealed a much higher sensitivity in identifying petroleum-derived
contaminations and were successfully used to differentiate several petrogenic contaminations in the marine and terrestrial
samples.
Recommendations and perspectives Based on this study, it was recommended to use a complementary approach of source-specific substances to successfully characterize
petrogenic emissions. Generally, a PAH-based source identification of petrogenic versus pyrogenic contaminations should be
combined with petroleum biomarker analysis. PAH and biomarker ratios as well as individual biomarker fingerprints revealed
a more comprehensive view on the quality and quantity of petrogenic emissions in sediments and soils. 相似文献
37.
The use of grain protein deviation for identifying wheat cultivars with high grain protein concentration and yield 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
James M. Monaghan John W. Snape A. Jan S. Chojecki Peter S. Kettlewell 《Euphytica》2001,122(2):309-317
The relationship between grain protein concentration and grain yield in different cultivars of winter wheat was examined in
a series of field experiments carried out over three years, in which 13, 12 and 8 cultivars were studied in each year, respectively.
The plants were grown at sites located in Shropshire, west-central England, in years 1 and 2, and at three other locations
in eastern England in year 3. Above ground plant samples were collected at an thesis and again at maturity, when they were
separated into grain and straw, and analysed for dry matter and N content. Analysis of residuals from regression of grain
protein concentration on grain yield (grain protein deviation, GPD) showed that some cultivars had a higher grain protein
concentration than was predicted from grain yield alone. It was deduced that the capacity to accumulate a higher grain protein
concentration than predicted from grain yield is under genetic control and thus may be improved through breeding. Other factors
(weight of N accumulated in the biomass at anthesis, weight of N accumulated in the biomass between anthesis and maturity
and the concentration of N remaining in the straw at maturity) were added step-wise into the regression to enable statistical
analysis of their relative contributions to grain protein. High GPD may be achieved through increased N accumulation after
anthesis, combined with efficient re-translocation of vegetative N reserves. The use of GPD provides a selection criteria
in wheat breeding programs to screen for increased grain protein concentration without a concurrent grain yield reduction.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
38.
In laboratory tests, the toxicity of acaricides targeted against house dust mites was tested on five species of stored product
mites (Acarus siro, Aleuroglyphus ovatus, Carpoglyphus lactis, Lepidoglyphus destructor, and Tyroborus lini). The formulations of benzyl-benzoate, benzyl-benzoate/permethrin/pyriproxyfen, and neem were diluted in water and applied
to filter paper in an unventilated chamber. The mortality of mites was observed after 24 h of exposure to acaricide-impregnated
filter paper. All of the tested acaricides were toxic to all of the mite species. There were significant differences in mortality
among the species and the acaricides. Benzyl-benzoate/permethrin/pyriproxyfen was the most effective, followed by benzyl-benzoate
and neem. L. destructor (LD50 0.01–0.11 μg) was the most sensitive mite species, followed by A. siro (LD50 0.04–0.12 μg), T. lini (LD50 2–21 μg), A. ovatus (LD50 3–18 μg), and C. lactis (LD50 4–64 μg). Based on the highly toxic effects of the tested acaricides against the stored product mites, the acaricides should
be considered as a potential tool in the control of stored product mites, although next screening is necessary. 相似文献
39.
40.
Jan Sami Khan M. N. Jan Sofora Zaffar Aaqif Rashid Rizwan Khan M. A. Sheikh F. A. Bhat M. Ashraf Mir R. R. 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2022,69(2):661-676
Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the principal cereal crops grown in Western-Himalayas of India. A set of 105 barley genotypes including 38... 相似文献