Berichte

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Auftreten von Forstschädlingen in Österreich 1950–1959

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Untersuchungen zum Befall von Fichten-Fangbäumen durch Borkenkäfer im Zusammenhang mit Mondphasen zur Fällungszeit

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund eines Denkmodells, das einer unter Mondeinfluß stehenden biophysikalischen Kraft in Zusammenhang mit elektrisch-magnetischen Kräften je nach Mondphase eine die Lebensprozesse entweder hemmende oder steigernde Wirkung zuerkennt, wurden Fichten unter möglichst gleichen Bedingungen zur Voll- und Neumondzeit gefällt und auf nachfolgenden Befall von Borkenkäfern untersucht. Bei Fällungen am Winterausgang bei gleichzeitigem Einsetzen des Schwärmens der Scolytiden nach einer kühleren Periode ergab sich eine deutliche Bevorzugung der Vollmondbäume gegenüber den Neumondbäumen bei den ersten Anflügen. Dieses Ergebnis bestätigte sich in mehreren Untersuchungen, die sich über mehrere Jahre erstreckten. Ähnliche Befallsunterschiede, wenn auch im wesentlich geringerem Außmaß, zeigten auch die im November geschlägerten Fichten. Die Bevorzugung der Vollmondbäume durchIps typographus, I. amitinus undPityogenes chalcographus läßt auf reichlichere Produktion von Lockstoffen solcher Bäume schließen. Sie dürften aus organischen Substanzen stammen, die zur Vollmondphase durch Steigerung des Kambialchemismus im größeren Ausmaß gebildet wurden. Im späteren Verlauf der Fortpflanzungsperiode konnten sich jedoch diese Befallsbilder, vielleicht durch Pheromone, die von den eingebohrten Käfern ausgeschieden wurden, verändern. Bei den Untersuchungen zur Sommerszeit wurden die Bäume der jeweils 1. Fällungsserie von den stets im Gelände vorhandenen Borkenkäfern am stärksten befallen. Rasche Ab- und Umbauprozesse während der 14-tägigen Zwischenperiode dürften die ursprünglichen Unterschiede des Gehaltes an organischen Substanzen in den Voll- und Neumondbäumen zur Fällungszeit und damit auch des unterschiedlichen Gehaltes an Lockstoffen aufgehoben haben. Das Gesamtergebnis würde sich mit Bauernregeln decken, wonach Pflanzen, die ins Kraut gehen solen, um die Vollmondzeit zu säen bzw. zu setzen wären.

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Studies on the attack of spruce trees by bark beetles in connection with moon phases during the period of cutting

Basing on a model postulating that the biophysical power according to moon phase in connection with electrical-magnetical powers influence the vital functions of plants and animals positively or negatively, spruces were felled under same conditions during different moon phases. Than the following attacks of scolytid beetles were observed. These examinations were repeated over several years. For spruces of Waldviertel (Lower Austria) it could be proved that cutting the spruces in March and simultaneous begin of swarming after a cool period, the scolytidsIps typographus, I. amitinus andPityogenes chalcographus preferred full moon trees over new moon trees in distinct manner. This always happened in connection with biophysical fields. The same pictures showed spruces cutted in November, but the differences did not be so distinct. It can be concluded from these results, that organic substances later transformed to luring material are synthetisized in bigger extent to the time of full moon. Pheromones released from penetrated scolytides in the later course of swarming can alter the stated differences of attack at full moon trees and new moon trees. During summer trees from the former cutted series always showed more dangerous infestations by beetles than the later ones. Quick destruction and synthetisation of organic material through a warm period of 14 days did not let compare the original formed organic material to the time of the two moon-phases by different attacks of scolytid beetles.The results of these investigations are similar to some of common rules, connected with moon phases.

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Mit 6 Tabellen

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Vortrag auf dem Südtiroler Entomologentag am 26. 9. 1981 in Dietenheim bei Bruneck.     

The resistance of meat chickens vaccinated by aerosol with a live V4 Newcastle disease virus vaccine in the field to challenge with a velogenic Newcastle disease virus

Meat chickens housed on a commercial broiler farm in Australia were vaccinated once at 10 to 11 days-of-age by aerosol with live V4 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. Groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated birds were flown to Malaysia, where they were challenged with a virulent strain of NDV. Survival rates in vaccinated chickens challenged 7, 14, 21 or 31 d after vaccination were 0.47, 0.77, 0.97 and 0.92, respectively. All unvaccinated chickens died due to Newcastle disease (ND) following challenge. Chickens in Australia and Malaysia were bled and the serums tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody to NDV. Many vaccinated birds with no detectable antibody, and all birds with a log2 titre of 2 or greater, survived challenge. The results showed that this V4 vaccine induced protective immunity in a significant proportion of chickens within 7 d of mass aerosol vaccination. This early immunity occurred in the absence of detectable circulating HI antibody. Non-HI antibody mediated immunity continued to provide protection up to 31 d after vaccination. Almost all vaccinated birds were protected within 3 w of vaccination. It is concluded that the V4 vaccine is efficacious and could be useful during an outbreak of virulent ND in Australia.     

Clinical and pathological findings of Babesia infection in dogs

The clinical and pathological findings of Babesia infection in 32 dogs in northern Australia are presented. Eleven different breed types were represented from 6 localities in north Queensland and one locality in northern Western Australia. Twenty three (72%) were males. Babesia-infected dogs were grouped by the degree of haematological disturbance and clinical severity: Acute babesiosis (25/32), all pups with severe haemolytic anaemia; subclinical carriers (5/32) with non-specific malaise, characterised haematologically by a normal erythrogram but marked leucopenia; chronic anaemia, observed in 2 adult dogs. Pups were azotaemic (serum urea greater than 6.6 mmol/l) and had elevated serum bilirubin levels (20.8 to 48.5 mmol/l). Total serum protein was usually within the normal range. Pups that died were also hypoglycaemic and severely hyperkalaemic (K+ greater than 10 mmol/l). Low parasitaemias in routine blood smears complicated diagnosis but smears made from ear or toe capillaries, or after haematocrit concentration, greatly enhanced finding parasitised cells. At necropsy, pallor and jaundice were the most consistent observations. Haemoglobinuric nephrosis, an active reticulo-endothelial system and capillaries packed with large numbers of infected erythrocytes were the main histopathological findings. A combination of imidocarb dipropionate at 5 mg/kg body weight, given intramuscularly, with fluid therapy and blood transfusion was the most successful treatment.     

Monensin controlled-release intraruminal capsule for control of bloat in pastured dairy cows

Monensin, a polyether ionophore antibiotic, is potentially an important agent for bloat relief in dairy cows grazing temperate legume-based pasture. A series of studies was undertaken to determine the effect of monensin, when delivered continuously in the rumen of lactating dairy cows by means of controlled-release capsules (monensin CRC). Such devices release approximately 300 mg/head/day for 100 d. A short-term pilot study made at Ruakura, New Zealand, tested monensin CRC in cows selected for high susceptibility to bloat and grazing lucerne (Medicago sativa) or red clover (Trifolium pratense). Treatment significantly reduced the incidence of bloat, while milk yield and protein yield were increased. There was no effect on fat yield. Following the pilot study, 6 large-scale field experiments involving a total of 368 lactating dairy cows, were made in Australia and New Zealand to confirm the effectiveness of monensin CRC for bloat control and to measure the effect of such treatment on milk production and composition. A severe bloat problem occurred in 2 experiments, mild bloat occurred in 2 others, while no visual signs of bloat were observed in the remaining 2 experiments. Bloat was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced by monensin CRC treatment when data was pooled over the 4 experiments in which bloat occurred. Daily milk yield was increased in all experiments from a mean of 17.7 in untreated groups to 18.8 kg/head/day (P less than 0.05) in monensin CRC-treated cows. Protein percentage was not affected by treatment, while there was a decrease from 4.29 to 4.10% fat, although total fat yield was not affected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)