Measured and modelled rainfall interception loss from an agroforestry system in Kenya

Rainfall interception losses from an agroforestry system in semi-arid Kenya comprising Grevillea robusta and maize were measured over a period of 33 months. These measurements showed that interception was slightly higher (10.2%) under trees with no maize understorey, than in the intercropped treatment (9.8%), and was directly related to the degree of tree canopy cover. Interception estimates using the reformulated version of the Gash analytical model were 4% lower than measured totals, and were strongly dependent on both canopy cover and on monthly variations in the mean rainfall rate ( , mm h⁻¹).     

Spatial patterns in fish biomass and relative trophic level abundance in a wastewater enriched river

Abstract –  It is generally accepted that nutrient enrichment of aquatic systems will lead to increased production at the top trophic level (fish). We found that in the wastewater enriched Bow River, Alberta rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) biomass increased over 25-fold, and brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) biomass increased 5-fold, however total sportfish biomass did not increase below the nutrient input point source. This was due to a dramatic downstream decrease in mountain whitefish ( Prosopium williamsoni ) biomass to 2% of the average biomass upstream of the municipal effluent source. The spatial pattern over a 177-km river section encompassing the city of Calgary, showed that the increase in trout abundance approximately tracked the expected nutrient concentrations in the river, but with a downstream lag of 20–30 km. Mountain whitefish biomass over the 177 km was inversely related to the dominant trout species, rainbow trout. Invertebrate abundance, macrophyte biomass and phytoplankton biomass all increased below the wastewater treatment plant outfalls. However, periphyton data were highly variable and showed no response. We propose several hypotheses as regards the factors that may have led to the decrease in mountain whitefish, based on the data from all trophic levels and the spatial pattern for fish biomass. Proposed factors influencing the mountain whitefish decline were; altered competitive ability because of macrophyte abundance, ammonia toxicity and barriers to movement (weirs).