Humic Substances on Soybeans Grown Under Water Stress

Hypothetically, humic substances (HSs) can improve the response of plants in sandy soils. The objective was to assess the effect of applying an organomineral fertilizer enriched with HSs on soybean plants grown with and without water stress. The experimental design was entirely randomized, in a greenhouse, in a 2 × 5 factorial setup (two moisture levels and five fertilizer doses: 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mL dm^?3), for a total of 10 treatments, with eight repetitions, using as substrate a Psamment. The organomineral fertilizer was applied in the soil 21 days after plant emergence, and the water regimes were established 1 week thereafter. Plant height, shoot and root dry mass, mineral nutrition, and grain yield were evaluated. There was a positive response to the doses, with the most efficient one under water stress being 6.5 mL dm^?3 and HSs favored the uptake of micronutrients.     

Comparison of drainage estimation methods in irrigated citrus orchards

Three different methods of measuring drainage were selected and applied to two irrigated citrus orchards for 3 years. The methods were: (1) a simple soil water capacity model, (2) a chloride balance, and (3) the LEACHM model. In the first method, the soil is assumed to have a given water holding capacity, plants cannot extract water from soil below a certain level, and evapotranspiration varies with soil water content in a well-defined pattern. In the second method, drainage in a given period of time is estimated from the chloride input to soil (mainly with the irrigation and rain water), the changes in soil chloride, and the average chloride concentration of soil solution at the depth where drainage is estimated. In the LEACHM model, water transport in soil is assumed to follow Richards equation, and evapotranspiration depends in soil water content, soil hydraulic properties, the evaporative conditions of the air, and root properties and distribution. Two citrus orchards planted with mature trees, under flood irrigation, were used for the comparison of methods. The three methods provided drainage estimates that differed in most cases by less than 13%, although in some particular season and plot, a given method deviated from the other two by up to 56%. The soil water capacity model is appealing because it only needs a few parameters for calibration, and can be easily programmed in a spreadsheet. The main advantage of the chloride balance approach is that it requires neither calibration nor an estimate of evapotranspiration; this latter fact converts the chloride balance into a good alternative method of measuring evapotranspiration. The precision of the drainage estimates by chloride balance is mainly determined by the spatial variability of soil chloride relative to the chloride input to the soil in the measurement period; in most cases, to obtain a reasonable precision, this period should be longer than 1 or 2 months. The LEACHM model requires more data for calibration, but it can provide additional information on water and solute distribution in the soil profile with time.     

Contribucion de los ramos ventrales cervicales a la inervacion de los Mm. rhomboideus, serratus ventralis y trapezius en los mamiferos domesticos. Part I: perro, gato y cerdo

In consideration of the sparcity of data regarding the anatomic organization of the innervation of the Rhomboideus, Serratus ventralis and Trapezius muscles in the general veterinary literature, a study of the innervation of these muscles was carried out. This work was done in the dog, the cat and the pig. Nerves supplying these muscles were studied through gross dissection, and described in regard to their origin, distribution and termination. The conclusions present a discussion of the relationship of muscle innervation to the ascending and descending branches of the ventral rami of spinal nerves. The pattern of innervation is discussed in relationship to the embryologic development and function of these muscles.     

El Cultivo del Guayule en España

Resumen En el año 1.942, el autor inicia el estudio de las diversas plantas cauchíferas aclimatables en España y deduce que sólo el Guayule y et Kok-saghyz resultan interesantes, en especial la primera planta, tanto desde el punto de vista económico, como de suelo en que vegeta.A continuación se da cuenta de las experiencias realizadas en diversos lugares de España y de los resultados obtenidos, tanto en en viveros como en plantaciones, dando un rendimiento en caucho bruto del siete por ciento del peso de la mata seca de guayule, equivalente a una tonelada por hectárea, aproximadamente, cada cuatro años.En el presente, el Instituto Nacional de Industria ha comenzado los trabajos para la obtención de tres mil toneladas de caucho bruto por año, en la provincia de Huelva, y estudia su ampliación a otras zonas.Finalmente, se expresa el agradecimiento del autor a todo el personal de U.S. Natural Rubber Research Station, y en especial, a su Director, por la coloboración y ayuda prestadas.

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Zusammenfassung Im Jahre 1942 begann der Verfasser mit seinen Studien über die verschiedenen Pflanzen, die Kautschuk enthalten und die für den Aubau in Spanien in Frage kommen. Er kommt dabei zum Ergebnis, dass lediglich die beiden Arten, Guayule und Koksaghyz, ins besondere die erstere, von ökonomischen und klimatischen Standpunkt aus ein näheres Interesse verdienen.In der Folge gibt er einen Überblick über die in verschiedenen Teilen Spaniens angestellten praktischen Versuche und deren Ergebnisse, die sowohl in Kulturen, wie in Freipflanzungen erhalten wurden. Dabei erhielt man einen Kautschuk-Bruttoertrag von 7% der Trockenpflanze Guayule, was in einem Zeitraum von vier Jahren einer Tonne pro Hektar entspricht.In Augenblick hat das Spanische Nationalinstitut für Industrie mit Arbeiten begonnen, die zur Erzielung von 3.000 Tonnen Rohkautschuk im Jahr führen sollen, was in der Provinz Huelvavonstatten geht; ausserdem studiert das genannte Institut die Ausbreitung auf andere Gebiete.Zum Abschluss dankt der Autor dem Gesamten Personal der U.S. Natural Rubber Research Station und ganz besonders deren Leiter, für die Zusammenarbeit und die tatkräftige Hilfe.

     

High prevalence of ulcerative posthitis in Rasa Aragonesa rams associated with a legume-rich diet

This study describes an outbreak of ulcerative posthitis that eventually affected 76 of 80 of rams in a flock of Rasa Aragonesa sheep on a legume-rich diet. Lesions were confined to the prepuce and varied from mild hyperaemia to ulcerations. Corynebacterium renale was isolated from the lesions. Treatment of an initial group of 17 was based on a change of diet and topical treatment with Veterin Banedif with prednisolone once a day for 15 days and was successful. Lesions in this group were completely resolved after 15 days. The relationship between a legume-rich diet, ruminal alkalosis, elevated urine pH and posthitis is discussed.     

Ochratoxin A-producing fungi in Spanish wine grapes and their relationship with meteorological conditions

Forty vineyards from four wine making regions of Spain were sampled at three different growth stages in 2002 and 2003. The aim was to study the fungi associated with grapes and their ability to produce ochratoxin A (OTA) on synthetic media. Among the total mycoflora, 464 (7.7%) and 648 (10.8%) Aspergillus section Nigri (black aspergilli) strains were isolated in 2002 and 2003, respectively, and were classified into three groups: isolates with uniseriate heads, A. niger aggregate and A. carbonarius. The latter presented the highest percentage of OTA-positive strains (82% in 2002 and 76% in 2003) and produced the highest levels of toxin (2.5–25 μg g⁻¹). The sampling year, sampling date, the region and their interactions presented significant differences in the number of black aspergilli isolated. Most black aspergilli were found in 2003 and at harvest. A positive correlation between the number of black aspergilli found in grapes and the temperature in the field was found. Grapes from 2003, the warmest year, and from Costers del Segre, the warmest region, were significantly the most contaminated. No significant correlation between black aspergilli presence and other meteorological factors such as relative humidity or rainfall could be established. Musts from all the vineyards were also analysed in both years, although no OTA was found in either year.     

Maturation and Reproduction of Pond-Reared Penaeus schmitti

Penueus schmitti broodstock was grown from postlarvae in a three-stage semi-intensive pond system. Mean weight after 10.5 mo was 51.2 g for females and 33.8 g for mnles. Reproductive response was evaluated in two studies. The first study was conducted with unilaterally ablated or unablated females and males with ejaculated or non-ejaculated spermntophores. The best response was achieved with ablated females and with non-ejaculated males (0.87 spawas/maturation tank per d and 22.254 nauplii/maturation tank per d). The second study compared the reproductive response of captive ablated females mated with pond-reared males or wild males. More nauplii were produced from wild males (78,583 nauplii/maturation tank per d) than from pond-reared males (57,777 nnuplii/tank per d). The reproductive culture cycle of P. schmitti has been closed for the first time in Cuba on a commercial scale with the collection and stocking of postlarvae of the F₁ generation.     

Likening Between the Effect of Drought and Terminal Water-stress Simulated by a Senescing Agent in Triticale

In 1994 four field experiments were conducted at two sites (northern and southern Spain), and in two environments at each site (irrigated and dryland conditions) in order to compare the effect of drought with the stress caused by chemical treatment with a senescing agent (potassium iodide, KI). A concentration of 0.3 % of KI was applied 10 days after anthesis on triticale Trujillo (X Tnticosecale Wittmack), and four nearisogenic lines derived from it.
The effect of the senescing agent on grain yield was higher in irrigated conditions than in dryland. The reduction in grain yield due to drought was higher than that caused by KI treatment, but both responses were correlated.
Drought and KI treatment had a different effect on yield components since water stress previous to anthesis markedly reduced the number of spikes per m². The effect of the chemical on the number of grains per spike was similar and correlated significantly with the reduction caused by drought. Dry matter accumulation of the grains decreased rapidly following chemical spray due to an important effect of KI on the grain filling rate. No association was found between the reduction in grain weight caused by drought and by KI treatment.