Fracture of the ischium in an eight‐year‐old Arabian gelding: A diagnostic challenge

Proximal hindlimb lameness remains a diagnostic challenge despite modern imaging techniques. In the case described here, a fracture of the ischium produced false negative results on initial ultrasound and scintigraphy examinations, despite a 14 day delay from onset of clinical signs to the time of the nuclear bone scan. However, the history and clinical examination were strongly suggestive of a pelvic injury and this was only confirmed by the use of a novel radiographic technique. False negative findings from diagnostic imaging can, and do, occur, even with high sensitivity techniques such as nuclear bone scans used after an appropriate delay period. Therefore, equal weighting should be given to all facets of a lameness investigation, including the history and clinical examination, while remembering the limitations of any imaging modalities used.     

Thermal Structure of Jupiter's Upper Atmosphere Derived from the Galileo Probe

Temperatures in Jupiter's atmosphere derived from Galileo Probe deceleration data increase from 109 kelvin at the 175-millibar level to 900 ± 40 kelvin at 1 nanobar, consistent with Voyager remote sensing data. Wavelike oscillations are present at all levels. Vertical wavelengths are 10 to 25 kilometers in the deep isothermal layer, which extends from 12 to 0.003 millibars. Above the 0.003-millibar level, only 90- to 270- kilometer vertical wavelengths survive, suggesting dissipation of wave energy as the probable source of upper atmosphere heating.     

High-Energy Charged Particles in the Innermost Jovian Magnetosphere

The energetic particles investigation carried by the Galileo probe measured the energy and angular distributions of the high-energy particles from near the orbit of Io to probe entry into the jovian atmosphere. Jupiter's inner radiation region had extremely large fluxes of energetic electrons and protons; intensities peaked at approximately2.2RJ (where RJ is the radius of Jupiter). Absorption of the measured particles was found near the outer edge of the bright dust ring. The instrument measured intense fluxes of high-energy helium ions (approximately62 megaelectron volts per nucleon) that peaked at approximately1.5RJ inside the bright dust ring. The abundances of all particle species decreased sharply at approximately1.35RJ; this decrease defines the innermost edge of the equatorial jovian radiation.     

Sleep: effects on incorporation of inorganic phosphate into brain fractions

During sleep there is a two- to threefold increase in the incorporation of inorganic orthophosphate-(32)P into a chemical fraction of the brain of the 20-day-old rat. This increase is not in the lipids or nucleic acids, but is associated with an acid-labile phosphate entity of the tissue residue after extraction of these fractions and phosphorus-containing substances of low molecular weight.     

The intra- and inter-assessor reliability of measurement of functional outcome by lameness scoring in horses

The objective of this study was to assess the reliability of lameness scoring in horses. One veterinary surgeon examined nineteen lame horses on four occasions. Gait was recorded by camcorder, and scored from 0 to 10 ranging from sound to non-weight bearing lameness. A global score of overall change in lameness during the study was also determined for each horse. To measure intra-assessor reliability of the scoring systems, one veterinary surgeon scored videotapes of the horses' gaits on two occasions. To measure inter-assessor reliability, three veterinary surgeons viewed the videotapes, assigning individual lameness scores plus global scores to each horse. Reliability of individual lameness scoring was good intra-assessor, but only just within our acceptable limit inter-assessor. However, global scoring of change in lameness throughout the study was found to be reliable overall. Since clinician scoring is commonly used to assess lameness in horses, this is an important finding, fundamental to future clinical studies.     

Relationship between mean square errors and wheat grain yields in long-term experiments

When yield data from field experiments are combined, the impact of environment on treatment is ignored. The objectives of this work were to determine the frequency for combining year-to-year data. Grain yield mean square errors (MSE) were calculated by-year from two long-term winter wheat experiments (E222 and E502). These trials have been continuously planted to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L), and both annually receive different nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer rates. Relationships between average grain yields, coefficients of variation (CV), and MSE were evaluated over 42 and 41 years for E222 and E502, respectively. The F-statistics (large MSE/small MSE, 39 dfn, 39 dfd, alpha = 0.10) computed from 2 and 3 consecutive years were consistently more than the minimum F-value required to combine sites. For 83 site years of data, combining any 2 or 3 consecutive year periods was not advisable. Individual years should be analyzed and reported on independently.