LOW-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF EARLY SUBCHONDRAL CYST-LIKE LESIONS IN INDUCED CRANIAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENT DEFICIENT DOGS

Six healthy adult male mongrel dogs underwent cranial cruciate ligament transection in the left stifle. Survey radiography of both stifles and low-field (0.064 T) MRI of the left stifle were performed preoperatively and at 2, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Focal changes in signal intensity were seen with MRI in the subchondral bone of the medial tibial condyle at 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively. At 12 weeks postoperative, a cyst-like lesion was detected using MRI in the subchondral bone of the medial tibial condyle in 4 of 6 dogs and a less defined lesion at this site in the remaining 2 dogs. The cyst-like lesion was spherical in shape and showed typical characteristics of fluid with low signal intensity on T1-weighted images, high signal intensity on T2-weighted images and high signal intensity on inversion recovery images. The lesion was seen in the subchondral bone of the caudal medial and/or middle region of the tibial plateau slightly cranial to the insertion of the caudal cruciate ligament. No subchondral cysts were seen in the tibia on radiographs. Histopathologically, the tibia was characterized by a loose myxomatous phase of early subchondral cyst formation.     

A Simple Apparatus for Frequent Measurement of Gastrointestinal Intraluminal PCO2

The accuracy and precision of an end-tidal infrared CO₂ monitor and customized capnography tubing system designed to measure gastrointestinal intraluminal CO₂ partial pressure (P_iCO₂) were tested in vitro. Samples were taken from the customized capnography tubing placed in either 5% or 10% CO₂ gas at discrete intervals ranging from one minute to twelve minutes. For a given time interval, the tubing PCO₂ measurement was a constant fraction of the actual PCO₂ (all standard errors < 0.02). For increasing time intervals, the ratio of the tubing PCO₂ to actual PCO₂ increased logarithmically. In the 5% and 10% CO₂, the regression coefficients were 0.89 and 0.85 for 8 French tubing and 0.99 and 0.91 for 6 French tubing. Beacuase of its accuracy and precision, this system may provide automated gastrointestinal CO₂ partial pressure monitoring at short intervals (e.g. 5 minutes), facilitating testing of the role of gastrointestinal P_iCO₂ information in treatment algorithms. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 109–116)     

奶牛酸中毒:蹄叶炎的暗示

奶牛乳酸中毒是和瘤胃内增加大量乳酸相关联的，而乳酸来自于含有瘤胃高发酵的碳水化合物日粮，或合有较低的有效纤维的牧草，或两者都有之。其症状包括两个分别不同的解剖区域，就是胃肠道和体液，同时又是和乳酸的产生、利用和吸收的效率和程度相关。临床表现的范围包括失去食欲到动物死亡。当瘤胃中的乳酸利用菌不断减少而乳酸产生菌不断增多时，乳酸就在瘤胃中聚集。酸中毒对动物身体生理学的系统影响有几方面，其中包括蹄叶炎，这是一种真皮弥漫性无菌性炎症。尽管营养是其发病基础，但病因学分析其起因包含大量的相互作用的因子，如代谢和消化紊乱，产后应激以及局部创伤等，这些因子又引起血管活性物质的释放从而导致脚部的退化变质。蹄叶炎的严重程度和酸中毒损害的频率、强度和持续时间相关。最主要的问题就是持续的脚部供血不足，导致趾间的局部缺血。由于高产奶量的牛群需要更多的能量从而频繁面对亚临床酸中毒和蹄叶炎的威胁，而良好的管理对预防蹄叶炎是相当重要的，好的饲喂和饲养管理可以减少疾病的发病率。     

Strength Characteristics and Failure Modes of Locking-Loop and Three-Loop Pulley Suture Patterns in Equine Tendons

Size 3-0 polydioxanone was used as a single strand, single braid (3 strands), or double braid (6 strands) to create six suture material-pattern combinations for equine tenorrhaphy: single-strand locking loop, single-braid locking loop, double-braid locking loop, single-strand three-loop pulley, single-braid three-loop pulley, and double-braid three-loop pulley. Maximum load to failure for the single-strand locking loop (46.1 +/- 2.9 newtons [N]) was less than for all other sutures (range, 103-155 N). The load required to form a 2 mm gap between tendon ends was greater for the single-braid three-loop pulley (66.7 +/- 6.9 N) and double-braid three-loop pulley (85.4 +/- 17.7 N) than any other sutures. The load required to produce a 10 mm gap was least for the single-strand locking loop (34.3 +/- 3.9 N) and greatest for the double-braid three-loop pulley (131.5 +/- 27.5 N). Gap between tendon ends at maximum load was greater for the single-braid (18.1 +/- 0.9 mm) and double-braid (19.2 +/- 2.2 mm) locking loops than for any other sutures. Suture material broke in 53% of the locking-loop tests but in only 17% of the three-loop pulley tests. Tendon matrix disruption accounted for 43% of the locking-loop failures and 77% of the three-loop pulley failures. The three-loop pulley pattern provided more support, less tendon distraction, and less tendon matrix constriction and distortion than the locking-loop pattern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

CORRECTION OF ANGULAR DEFORMITY BY ASYMMETRIC PHYSEAL GROWTH AND BONE REMODELLING

Angular deformities of 25 or 37 degrees valgus were created by transverse wedge osteotomies in the diaphysis of the radius in 3-month-old Cocker Spaniels. Spontaneous correction was judged from radiographs until skeletal maturity. The magnitude of correction was estimated, using the opposite normal leg as a control. Asymmetrical physeal growth corrected the induced angulation between the proximal and distal radial joint plane surfaces (joint plane angle). The average correction of the joint plane angle was 80% in the 25 degree group, and 72% in the 37 degree group. Bone remodeling of the radial shaft corrected the induced diaphyseal angulation by 50% in both groups during the study.     

Control of Senecio jacobaea L. (ragwort) by autumn or spring herbicide application

A range of herbicides was sprayed in October 1976 or May 1977 on grassland infested with S. jacobaea. Control, measured by reduction in the number of flowering stems in July 1977, was extremely good with all herbicides, October spraying gave 99% control of 5. jacohaea and is provisionally recommended for grassland which is to be cut for silage. Lutte contre Senecio jacobaea L. (séneçonjacobée) parun traitement herbicide d'automne ou de printemps Une série d'herbicides ont été appliqués en octobre 1976 ou en mai 1977 sur des herbages infestés de séneçon jacobée. L'éfficacité, mesurée par la réduction du nombre de tiges fleuries en juillet 1977, a été extrêmement bonne avec tous les herbicides. Le traitement d'octobre a détruit 99% de S. jacobaea; il est provisoirement recommande pour les prairies de fauche dont la recolte doit etre ensilee. Bekümpfung von Senecio jacobaea L. (Jakohs-Kreuzkraut) durch Herbizidanwendung im Herbst oder Frühjahr Auf Grünland, das mit Jakobs-Kreuzkraut verseucht war, wurde eine Reihe von Herbiziden im Oktober 1976 oder im Mai 1977 eingesetzt. Die Bekämpfung, gemessen am Rückgang blühender Pflanzen im Juli 1977, war mit alien Herbiziden äusserst zufriedenstellend. Die Spritzung im Oktober ergab für S. jaco baea einen Bekämpfungsgrad von 99% und wird für Grünland, das für Silagegewinnung genutzt wird, vorläufig empfohlen.     

Severe Neutropenia Associated With Griseofulvin Therapy in Cats With Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Griseofulvin administration was associated with the development of absolute neutropenia in six of seven (86%) cats with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. The neutropenia was severe (less than 400 neutrophils/microliter) in four of the six affected cats, and one cat died from sepsis. Neutrophil counts returned to baseline values within 15 days after drug withdrawal in all surviving cats. No symptoms or hematologic abnormalities were observed in four normal (FIV-seronegative) cats treated with the same lot of griseofulvin at equivalent doses. Neutropenia recurred in two of two FIV-seropositive cats upon griseofulvin rechallenge. Cats with FIV infections appear to be at increased risk for griseofulvin-associated neutropenia. This phenomenon may be analogous to the increased frequency of antibiotic-induced neutropenias observed in humans infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.     

Esophageal Replacement in the Dog by Microvascular Colon Transfer

An orthotopic colon graft based on the middle colic artery and vein was implanted with microvascular technique and a stapling instrument in five dogs. The grafts were successful in four dogs. A similar colon autograft was used to replace the entire thoracic esophagus in five dogs. The recipient vessels were the left carotid artery and left external jugular vein. Four of the grafts failed because of kinking and thrombosis of the arterial supply (2 dogs) or the venous outflow (2 dogs). One graft, which had a viable vascular supply, developed a severe leak at the colon-to-stomach anastomosis, and the dog was euthanatized on day 3. The recipient vascular pedicle was modified and used successfully to replace a portion of the cervical esophagus in three dogs. The grafts survived, the dogs could swallow liquids and semisolid food well, and, at necropsy after 4 weeks, the anastomotic sites were well healed. The graft sites contained essentially normal colon mucosa.