全文获取类型
收费全文 | 25142篇 |
免费 | 356篇 |
国内免费 | 212篇 |
专业分类
林业 | 795篇 |
农学 | 252篇 |
基础科学 | 66篇 |
2902篇 | |
综合类 | 8163篇 |
农作物 | 688篇 |
水产渔业 | 212篇 |
畜牧兽医 | 11717篇 |
园艺 | 157篇 |
植物保护 | 758篇 |
出版年
2014年 | 70篇 |
2012年 | 1868篇 |
2011年 | 2236篇 |
2010年 | 491篇 |
2009年 | 278篇 |
2008年 | 1769篇 |
2007年 | 1789篇 |
2006年 | 1781篇 |
2005年 | 1707篇 |
2004年 | 1624篇 |
2003年 | 1480篇 |
2002年 | 1475篇 |
2001年 | 957篇 |
2000年 | 1163篇 |
1999年 | 546篇 |
1998年 | 108篇 |
1997年 | 108篇 |
1996年 | 99篇 |
1995年 | 169篇 |
1994年 | 235篇 |
1993年 | 248篇 |
1992年 | 236篇 |
1991年 | 266篇 |
1990年 | 242篇 |
1989年 | 190篇 |
1988年 | 245篇 |
1987年 | 292篇 |
1986年 | 226篇 |
1985年 | 195篇 |
1984年 | 239篇 |
1983年 | 216篇 |
1982年 | 227篇 |
1981年 | 146篇 |
1980年 | 142篇 |
1979年 | 114篇 |
1978年 | 106篇 |
1977年 | 79篇 |
1976年 | 72篇 |
1974年 | 74篇 |
1973年 | 71篇 |
1972年 | 68篇 |
1970年 | 73篇 |
1969年 | 63篇 |
1967年 | 59篇 |
1966年 | 74篇 |
1963年 | 123篇 |
1960年 | 66篇 |
1959年 | 72篇 |
1958年 | 92篇 |
1957年 | 104篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
171.
172.
Neuroendocrine-immune interactions in fish: a role for interleukin-1 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Engelsma MY Huising MO van Muiswinkel WB Flik G Kwang J Savelkoul HF Verburg-van Kemenade BM 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2002,87(3-4):467-479
Bi-directional communication between the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis and the sympathetic nervous system with the immune system is crucial to ensure homeostasis. Shared use of ligands and especially receptors forms a key component of this bi-directional interaction. Glucocorticoids (GC), the major end products of the HPA-axis differentially modulate immune function. Cytokines, especially interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), ensure immune signalling to the neuroendocrine system. In addition, hormones from leukocyte origin such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and beta-endorphin, as well as centrally synthesised and secreted cytokines, contribute to the communication network.In teleost fish cortisol is the major product of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI)-axis which is the teleost equivalent of the HPA-axis. Moderate and substantial increases in cortisol during stressful circumstances negatively affect B-lymphocytes, whereas rescue of neutrophilic granulocytes may support innate immunity. Recent elucidation of lower vertebrate cytokine sequences has facilitated research into neuroendocrine-immune interactions in teleosts and the first evidence for a significant function of interleukin-1 in the bi-directional communication is discussed. 相似文献
173.
Thyroid function and serum hepatic enzyme activity in dogs after phenobarbital administration 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Gieger TL Hosgood G Taboada J Wolfsheimer KJ Mueller PB 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2000,14(3):277-281
Phenobarbital is the drug of choice for control of canine epilepsy. Phenobarbital induces hepatic enzyme activity, can be hepatotoxic, and decreases serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations in some dogs. The duration of liver enzyme induction and T4 concentration decreases after discontinuation of phenobarbital is unknown. The purpose of this study was to characterize the changes in serum total T4 (TT4), free T4 (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), cholesterol and albumin concentrations, and activities in serum of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) after discontinuation of long-term phenobarbital administration in normal dogs. Twelve normal dogs were administered phenobarbital at a dosage of approximately 4.4-6.6 mg/kg PO q12h for 27 weeks. Blood was collected for analysis before and after 27 weeks of phenobarbital administration and then weekly for 10 weeks after discontinuation of the drug. The dogs were clinically normal throughout the study period. Serum ALT and ALP activity and TSH and cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher than baseline at week 27. Serum T4 and FT4 were significantly lower. Serum albumin and GGT were not changed from baseline at week 27. Changes in estimate of thyroid function (TT4, FT4, TSH) persisted for 1-4 weeks after discontinuation of phenobarbital, whereas changes in hepatic enzyme activity (ALT, ALP) and cholesterol concentration resolved in 3-5 weeks. To avoid false positive results, it is recommended that thyroid testing be performed at least 4 weeks after discontinuation of phenobarbital administration. Elevated serum activity of hepatic enzymes 6-8 weeks after discontinuation of phenobarbital may indicate hepatic disease. 相似文献
174.
Wang C Liu M Li Q Ju Z Huang J Li J Wang H Zhong J 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2011,139(2-4):229-236
Mannan-binding lectin (MBL), a pattern recognizing serum protein, participates in the innate immune system of mammals as an opsonin. In humans, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MBL2 gene were found to cause various innate immune dysfunctions. In the present study, we discovered three single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the MBL1 gene in Chinese native cattle and analyzed their associations with milk traits. By screening the genetic variation of MBL1 in 1053 individuals of three Chinese native cattle breeds including China Holstein, Luxi Yellow and Bohai Black using created restriction site–polymerase chain reaction (CRS–PCR), PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) and DNA sequencing techniques, three new SNPs, g.855G>A, g.2651G>A and g.2686T>C, were found to have allele frequencies of 0–12.65%, 24.07–42.39% and 56.95–73.68%, respectively. While SNP g.855G>A is located within intron ?, the other two SNPs reside in the exon II region with one mutation being non-synonymous (GTT (Val) > ATT (Ile)) and the other synonymous (GCT (Ala) > GCC (Ala)). Among the 596 Chinese Holstein cattle with at least 3 lactation Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) records, eight different haplotypes and 19 genotype combinations were detected. Statistical analyses revealed no correlation between either g.855G>A or g.2686T>C and somatic cell score (SCS), however significant association was found between g.2651G>A and SCS, suggesting a possible role of this SNP in the host response against mastitis. Our data also suggested that the combined genotypes of GGC/AAC with the lowest SCS, AAT/AAT with the highest protein content and AGC/AGC with the highest 305-d milk yield were favorable combinations for mastitis resistance and milk production traits. Therefore, GGC/AAC, AAT/AAT and AGC/AGC can be used as possible candidates for marker-assisted selection in the dairy cattle breeding program. 相似文献
175.
362头牛和水牛经X线摄片对各种胸部疾病作出了诊断,这些病例占这两种动物总病例的18.7%。在362个病例中,膈疝约占42%,结核占18%,而支气管肺炎占15%。还有其他的疾病,包括转移性肿瘤、心包炎(含有或没有异物)、水胸和异物。 相似文献
176.
Forterre F Konar M Tomek A Doherr M Howard J Spreng D Vandevelde M Jaggy A 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2008,232(4):559-563
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of neurologic examination versus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in localization of cervical disk herniation and evaluate the usefulness of withdrawal reflex testing in dogs. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 35 client-owned dogs with a single-level cervical disk herniation as determined via MRI. PROCEDURES: 1 of 2 board-certified neurologists performed a complete neurologic examination in each dog. Clinical signs of a cervical lesion included evidence of neck pain and tetraparesis. The withdrawal reflex was used for neuroanatomic localization (C1-C5 or C6-T2). Agreement between results of neurologic and MRI examinations was determined. RESULTS: Agreement between neurologic and MRI diagnoses was 65.8%. In 11 dogs in which the lesion was clinically localized to the C6-T2 segment on the basis of a decreased withdrawal reflex in the forelimbs, MRI revealed an isolated C1-C5 disk lesion. In 1 dog, in which the lesion was suspected to be at the C1-C5 level, MRI revealed a C6-T2 lesion. Cranial cervical lesions were significantly associated with an incorrect neurologic diagnosis regarding site of the lesion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that the withdrawal reflex in dogs with cervical disk herniation is not reliable for determining the affected site and that a decreased withdrawal reflex does not always indicate a lesion from C6 to T2. 相似文献
177.
Epstein K Cohen N Boothe D Nieuwoudt C Chandler J 《Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine》2004,5(2):155-167
In many cases of equine infectious disease, long-term administration of antimicrobial drugs is required. Oral agents are preferred because of the relative ease of administration compared with other routes. Enrofloxacin has been shown to be effective against a variety of equine pathogens, but oral administration of this drug has proved difficult in horses. An oral gel formulation made from the injectable cattle product produces blood levels sufficient to resolve infections caused by a variety of common equine pathogens. 相似文献
178.
Papadogiannakis EI Koutinas AF Saridomichelakis MN Vlemmas J Lekkas S Karameris A Fytianou A 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2005,104(3-4):227-237
Lymphocyte subsets, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II expressing cells and number of amastigotes in the epidermis and dermis were investigated immunohistochemically in 48 dogs with patent leishmaniosis, with or without exfoliative dermatitis (ED) to study the immunopathogenesis of this common cutaneous form of the disease. Skin biopsies were obtained and compared for ED sites (group A, n = 26), normal-appearing skin from the same animals (group B, n = 24), and leishmanial dogs not exhibiting ED (group C, n = 22), and normal controls (group D, n = 22). The CD3+, CD45RA+, CD4+, CD8+ (CD8a+), CD21+, and MHC-II+ cells and leishmania amastigotes were identified immunohistochemically and counted with the aid of an image analysis system. Pyogranulomatous to granulomatous dermatitis, expressed in various histopathological patterns, was noticed in all groups A and B and in half of group C dogs. In the epidermis, the low number of T-cells and their subsets did not differ significantly between groups A and B, but CD8+ outnumbered CD4+ lymphocytes in both groups. MHC-II+ expression on epidermal keratinocytes was intense in the skin with and without lesions from dogs with ED but not in group C dogs. CD3+, CD8+ and MHC-II+ cells were fewer in group C compared to group A and B dogs. In the dermis, CD3+ cells in group A animals were mainly represented by the CD8+. CD45RA+ and CD21+ cells were also seen in high numbers. MHC-II expression, potentially in lymphocytes, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, and macrophages was intense. The numbers of all cellular subpopulations in the dermis were significantly different between the groups, being highest in group A and lowest in group D. In sebaceous adenitis sites, CD4+ outnumbered CD8+ cells in contrast to the neighbouring dermis and the epidermis. The number of CD21+ and CD45RA+ cells was much lower in the inflamed sebaceous glands compared to the dermis. Finally, the number of amastigotes in the normal-appearing skin was significantly higher in the ED dogs (group B) than in those not exhibiting this cutaneous form of the disease (group C). 相似文献
179.
180.
Väisänen M Raekallio M Kuusela E Huttunen P Leppäluoto J Kirves P Vainio O 《American journal of veterinary research》2002,63(7):969-975
OBJECTIVE: To compare the perioperative stress response in dogs administered medetomidine or acepromazine as part of the preanesthetic medication. ANIMALS: 42 client-owned dogs that underwent elective ovariohysterectomy. PROCEDURE: Each dog was randomly allocated to receive medetomidine and butorphanol tartrate (20 microgram/kg and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively, IM) or acepromazine maleate and butorphanol (0.05 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively, IM) for preanesthetic medication. Approximately 80 minutes later, anesthesia was induced by administration of propofol and maintained by use of isoflurane in oxygen. Each dog was also given carprofen before surgery and buprenorphine after surgery. Plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and beta-endorphin were measured at various stages during the perioperative period. In addition, cardiovascular and clinical variables were monitored. RESULTS: Concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol were significantly lower for dogs administered medetomidine. Concentrations of beta-endorphin did not differ between the 2 groups. Heart rate was significantly lower and mean arterial blood pressure significantly higher in dogs administered medetomidine, compared with values for dogs administered acepromazine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that for preanesthetic medications, medetomidine may offer some advantages over acepromazine with respect to the ability to decrease perioperative concentrations of stress-related hormones. In particular, the ability to provide stable plasma catecholamine concentrations may help to attenuate perioperative activation of the sympathetic nervous system. 相似文献