Physical and chemical characterization of Ceratonia siliqua L. germplasm in Turkey

Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is natively grown in the coastal areas of the Aegean and Mediterranean region in Turkey. The main carob growing areas (Mediterranean and Aegean) were surveyed and a total 70 promising wild and grafted carob genotypes were selected based on physical and chemical pod properties. Preliminary results showed that Turkey has very rich carob genetic resources containing considerable variations for most of the pod traits. In general, wild carob had smaller pods than the grafted ones. Pod mass ranged from 29.16 g to 120.28 g in the wild genotypes and 71.71 g to 147.91 g in the grafted genotypes with an average 107.61 g for the grafted and 63.72 g for the wild genotypes. The average pod dimensions (width, length and thickness) were 18.16 mm, 16.18 cm and 6.42 mm for the wild genotypes and 21.79 mm, 16.91 cm and 8.79 mm for the grafted genotypes. The average soluble solid content ranged from 59.42% in the wild and 64.06% in the grafted genotypes. The average total acidity of the wild and grafted genotypes was similar (0.78%). The pod traits of the wild genotypes differ significantly from those of the grafted genotypes, and the wild genotypes showed higher variations in these traits compared to the grafted genotypes.     

Application of Box-Behnken Design for Optimization of Different Pretreatment Conditions for Cellulase Production

Effects of dilute acid and acid steam pretreatments were inspected for cellulose production of Eucalyptus leaves through Box-Behenken design,a three variable factors for response surface methodology by Bacillus subtilus K~(-1)8.Maximum cellulose production performed in 250 mL erlenmeyer flask with submerged fermentation attained at 50℃,p H 5,140 r·min~(-1) for 24 h.Results showed the efficient cellulose production from acid steam pretreatment(being autoclaved at 15 Psi for 15 min)than acid pretreatment.The optimum condition for maximum carboxymethyl cellulas(CMCase)was 1.811 IU·mL~(-1)·min~(-1)(0.8%acid conc.,10 g biomass loading,6 h reaction time)and filter paper activity(FPase)was 2.255 IU·mL~(-1)·min~(-1)(1%acid conc.,10 g biomass loading,8 h reaction time).Whereas,the acid steam maximum CMCase activity recorded was 2.585 IU·mL~(-1)·min~(-1)(0.8%acid conc.,15 g substrate loading and 8 h reaction time)and the highest FPase activity was 2.055 IU·mL~(-1)·min~(-1)(0.8%conc.,10 g biomass,6 h reaction time then autoclaved).Results revealed that acid pretreated Eucalyptus leaves were better lignocellulosic biomass for cellulose production by submerged fermentation.     

低温胁迫对玉米发芽及幼苗生理特性的影响

为探究低温胁迫对玉米发芽及幼苗生理特性影响,文章以杂交玉米品种天农9和天合1为试验材料,采用低温培养(发芽期6℃,苗期4℃)方法,分析低温胁迫下玉米发芽(发芽率)、幼苗农艺性状(株高、根长、地上部及地下部干鲜重)和生理生化指标(SPAD值、Pn、MDA含量、POD活性、SOD活性、脯氨酸含量和可溶性蛋白含量)变化。结果表明,低温胁迫抑制玉米种子发芽和幼苗生长,降低幼苗株高、根长、地上部地下部干鲜重、叶绿素含量和净光合速率提高MDA含量、POD活性、SOD活性、脯氨酸含量和可溶性蛋白含量。不同品种间差异显著,天合1对低温胁迫更敏感。研究成果为解决玉米生产冷害问题提供理论依据。     

Mitigation of salinity stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings through physiological seed enhancements

Salinity stress can be mitigated by using the physiological seed enhancements. Kharchia 65 (salt tolerant) and PI.94341 (salt sensitive) genotypes were evaluated under salt stress (20 dS/m) by various priming treatments, that is hydropriming and halopriming (50?mmol, KCl and NaCl) in a pot study. Experiment was conducted in completely randomized design under factorial arrangements with three replications. Priming agents improved the final emergence percentage (FEP), emergence index (EI) and reduced the mean emergence time of both wheat genotypes under normal and saline conditions as compared to non-primed seed. Priming treatments elicited the efficiency of wheat seedlings by increasing both Fv/Fm and Ft under both normal and salt stress conditions which were strongly linked with low Na⁺ and high K⁺. In conclusion, all three priming agents effectively nullified the deleterious effects of salt stress by improving seed emergence and triggering the physiological attributes of wheat.     

Passive immunization using purified IgYs against infectious bursal disease of chickens in Pakistan

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute and highly contagious disease of young chickens caused by Birnavirus. Mortality of infected birds can be best prevented if injected with antibodies. The present study was an attempt to raise specific hyper-immune polyclonal antibodies against IBD virus in Pakistan. Commercial layers divided into four groups were injected with IBD vaccine subcutaneously according to four different treatment regimens. Eggs were collected daily and antibodies were purified from yolk with dextran sulphate. Titers of antibodies in serum and yolk were evaluated with enzyme linked immunosorbant assay and agar gel precipitation test. Antibody titers were significantly higher in yolk than serum. Eggs collected at 28 days post-vaccination had maximum antibody titers. Of treatment regimens, T₃ was found to be most effective for hyperimmunization. Lyophilized antibodies stored at 4℃ did not lose their activity till the end of experiment. IBD virus infected birds were injected with purified antibodies which induced 92% recovery as compared to control birds. The study implicates that the purified antibodies may be useful as a therapeutic agent to cure IBD infected birds.     

Carbon sources affect water quality and haemato‐biochemical responses of Labeo rohita in zero‐water exchange biofloc system

Biofloc technology degrades waste into useful resources exploiting microbes and can be used in zero‐water exchange systems. To study the effect of different biofloc systems on haematological and metabolic response of Labeo rohita fingerlings, a 60‐days experiment was conducted using four long lasting carbon sources. Seven hundred and fifty fingerlings having mean weight of 4.80 ± 0.12 g were randomly distributed into 15 tanks (n = 50 per tank). Five experimental groups were set in triplicate; T1 (Tapioca), T2 (Wheat), T3 (Corn) T4 (Sugar bagasse) and control (clear water). In‐situ biofloc was developed in 300 L fibre‐reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks and a C/N ratio of 15 was maintained. Water quality variables indicated ammonia immobilization by heterotrophic bacteria, as the dominant mechanism for the removal of toxic‐nitrogenous compounds in the biofloc systems. Results exhibited significantly higher floc volume (53.33 ± 7.88 ml/L), haemoglobin content (6.61 ± 0.03 g/dl) and total leucocyte count (109.66 ± 0.06 thousand cells/mm³) in tapioca biofloc system. Furthermore, the digestive and anti‐oxidative enzymes activities were also significantly higher in tapioca biofloc system. The lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase enzyme assays showed a decreased level in tapioca biofloc system as compared with other biofloc systems and control group. Our observations indicate that tapioca biofloc system could improve the water quality, haematological and anti‐stress responses of L. rohita fingerlings in biofloc systems and thus can effectively replace other carbohydrate sources for the biofloc system.     

Effects of different finishing systems on carcass traits, fatty acid composition, and beef quality characteristics of young Eastern Anatolian Red bulls

The effects of three finishing systems on carcass composition and other characteristics of meat were studied in 15 young Eastern Anatolian Red bulls in Eastern Turkey. For 93?days, five bulls grazed pasture (P), five grazed the same pasture and were given concentrate supplementation (P + C), and five grazed the same pasture for 93?days, and then for an additional 40?days, they received concentrate in a barn (PF). Carcasses of the P bulls were lighter and leaner than those of the PF animals. Compared with the P carcasses, PF carcasses had a greater percentage of kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (P?相似文献   

The effects of diazinon on pancreatic damage and ameliorating role of vitamin E and vitamin C

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of an organophosphate insecticide, diazinon (DI), on pancreas, and possible ameliorating role of vitamins E and C. We examined both in vivo and in vitro effects of DI on serum activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), amylase, and lipase enzymes. We also evaluated possible ameliorating effects of vitamins E and C combination against DI toxicity and blood levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) only in vivo. In vivo experimental groups were: control group, DI-treated group, and DI + vitamins E plus C-treated group. In vitro study groups were: control group and DI-treated group. The biochemical analyses were determined in in vitro experiments at both hour 0 and 24 while in in vivo experiments were determined only at hour 24. Lipase activity and TBARS level were found increased by DI in in vivo experiments while lipase activity was found decreased in in vitro experiments. Amylase and ALP activities were found decreased by DI in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Also, the combination of vitamins E and C was found to partially improve these disorders. These results suggest that DI treatment causes pancreas damage via increasing oxidative stress in rats, and a combination vitamins E and C can reduce this lipoperoxidative effect.