Distribution and habitat characteristics of three sympatric cetacean species in the coastal waters of Matang,Perak, Peninsular Malaysia

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Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss,Walbaum ) develop a more robust body shape under organic rearing

Prolonged exposure to captive conditions has led to the development of a rainbow trout ‘farmed’ phenotype, which is different from that of wild trout. Selection for desirable productive traits in hatcheries has resulted in the development of some morphological traits that are maladaptive in nature. The recent development of organic aquaculture, guided by the well‐being of the fish, could potentially produce a new farmed phenotype that would be more adaptive in nature. In this study, rainbow trout reared in intensive and organic farms were compared by means of shape analysis, to detect patterns of shape variation associated with rearing environment. The results of this study highlight a significant effect of the rearing method on rainbow trout shape: organically reared trout showed a higher body profile, in particular in the head and trunk regions, shorter median fins and a deeper caudal peduncle. A combined effect of density and habitat complexity could have contributed to the observed shape differences: in organic rearing systems, lower densities and steady water could increase territoriality and aggressive interactions, promoting body designs more functional in rapid attacks and escapes.     

河湖水生态系统服务价值核算研究及应用展望

科学有效地界定河湖水生态系统服务价值评估体系与评估指标,可以促进河湖水生态的可持续发展、合理制定水资源价格、为河湖水生态系统服务价值评估提供参考,同时也为河湖水资源纳入国民经济核算体系提供借鉴,为绿色经济核算提供有力的依据。从河湖水生态系统服务功能、评估体系和评估方法等方面总结了国内外研究进展,分析了现有河湖水生态系统服务体系和评估方法的优缺点。对河湖水生态系统服务评估体系进行了优化,优化后的评估体系包括供给服务、调节服务、文化服务和支持服务4大类以及水资源供给、水质净化、科研教育和固碳能力等19项指标,优化了水资源供给、提供水产品、水质净化、防洪减灾、休闲娱乐、生物多样性保护等6个指标的评估方法。对河湖水生态系统服务价值核算在生态文明建设考核、生态产品价值实现机制、自然资源资产审计以及新时期河湖长制考核实施方面的应用进行了展望。下一步要制订GEP核算技术标准,建设市场化、多元化的生态产品交易体系,将水资源开发、利用及保护情况、水资源管理生态环境效益等指标纳入审计范围,建立以水生态系统为整体、以维护河湖生态系统健康为总目标、以定量评判和可操作性为抓手的新的河湖长制考核体系。     

Effect of dietary vitamin B6 supplementation on growth and intestinal microflora of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

In order to investigate the dietary vitamin B₆ (VB₆) requirement for juvenile golden pompano, an experiment of six different diets with six dietary VB₆ levels (0, 3.75, 7.47, 10.6, 13.7 and 18.5 mg/kg) was conducted. The results indicated that the content of dietary VB₆ significantly increased weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR; p < 0.05). Golden pompano fed diet containing 7.47 mg/kg VB₆ achieved the maximum ALT, AST, GPx, hepatic VB₆ concentrations as well as the minimum MDA, however, the ALT, AST, GPx and hepatic VB₆ concentrations decreased while MDA increased with a further increase in dieatry VB₆. The highest values of GR and POD occurred at the 10.6 and 13.7 mg/kg dietary VB₆ (p < 0.05) respectively. A diet supplemented with 7.47 mg/kg VB₆ increased intestinal Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, Chymotrypsin, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, creatine kinase and amylase activities (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes decreased while Proteobacteria and Firmicutes improved with an increase in dietary VB₆ levels up to 7.47 mg/kg. Quadratic regression analysis on WGR, hepatic VB₆ concentrations, AST and ALT indicated that the optimum dietary VB₆ levels for juvenile golden pompano were 8.84–9.28 mg/kg.     

Intensive rearing of juvenile crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus,Astacidae) during the first 6 months: effects of size grading

Recent advances in crayfish feeding have enabled the development of size grading studies from the start of first‐feeding. A 180‐day experiment aimed at intensive rearing of Pacifastacus leniusculus was carried out under controlled conditions, evaluating the effects of size grading at two different periods from the onset of exogenous feeding. Stage 2 juveniles were stocked in fibreglass tanks at a density of 100 m², and fed a dry diet for salmonids combined with restricted amounts of Artemia cysts. Five groups were tested: no grading, grading at 60 days (large and small size) and grading at 100 days (large and small size). After 6 months, no significant differences were found in the survival among groups (mean: 73.06%). The highest final growth (pooled results from upper and lower classes: 17.39 mm carapace length, 1.43 g weight) was achieved by the crayfish sorted at 60 days, showing significant differences from the ungraded group. Smaller crayfish graded at 60 days grew significantly faster than smaller crayfish graded at 100 days. The food conversion ratio was lower in the graded groups (mean: 2.64), showing significant differences from the ungraded group (3.23). This study shows that size grading allows a better performance and an improved feeding efficiency.     

点带石斑鱼对盐度适应性的初步研究

通过对体长10.4～8.0cm、平均体长8.6cm;体重19.5～12.2g平均体重16.63g的点带石斑鱼的淡化试验,分别采用盐度突变及渐变淡化两种方式,在水温27.5～29.0℃,经过30d的试验,结果是：将点带石斑鱼鱼苗从盐度（‰）30的自然海水中直接投放至盐度2.6的水体中时,其成活率100%;直接投放至盐度1.3的水体中的成活率80%。而渐变淡化,在盐度降至0.3时的成活率100%,进入纯淡水时的3d后才有逐渐死亡现象出现,10d后的成活率55%。点带石斑鱼的生长速度从纯海水至盐度5.2,随着盐度的降低其生长速度加快。研究结果证明,点带石斑鱼对盐度变化具有很强的适应能力,不但能在海水中养殖而且也可以在河口及低盐地区进行养殖。     

全过程安全评估体系在浙江省水库型水源地的应用

国内的水源地评价主要是采用水质指标的单因子评价,缺乏考虑水源地环境质量、水生态系统状况的综合因子,不能有效识别水源地的安全状况。为此,本研究按照水源产生过程、蓄水过程分析的水污染环节和各种危害因素,从环境特征、人类活动、水质状况和生态完整性4个方面构建水源地全过程评估指标体系。并选择浙江省4座水库型水源地,开展全过程评估指标体系应用。评估结果表明:全过程评估体系较好地反映水源地水在不同阶段的安全状况,发现存在的问题,并能针对性地提出污染控制和预防改进措施,能够切实可行的运用于水库型水源地安全评估的实际工作,为水资源管理提供技术支撑。     

Recruitment of catarina scallop (Argopecten ventricosus) larvae on artificial collectors off the NE coast of the Gulf of California

We evaluated recruitment of larvae of catarina scallop, Argopecten ventricosus, in the area of Puerto Peñasco, NE Gulf of California. We moored artificial collectors in six sites from June 2007 to August 2008 and replaced them every 2 months. We used monthly (July 2002–September 2011) sea surface temperature (SST, °C) and surface chlorophyll‐a concentration (SSChl, mg m^?3) Aqua/MODIS satellite data to describe seasonal environmental behaviour study area. Also, we recorded bottom temperature at each site every 4 h, and every 2 months measured sea surface salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen. We used a repeated measures anova to evaluate differences in the number of recruited spat between main factors, and analysed the presence of multimodal spat shell size frequency distributions. Overall, spat recruitment was negatively correlated with seawater temperature and showed higher spat recruitment abundances throughout winter, which is the season with the highest surface chlorophyll a concentration. We estimated multimodal shell size frequency distributions characterized by more than one modal size. The natural collection of A. ventricosus spat on artificial collectors in the area can be successfully performed over a protracted period (November–December to May–June). Our results extend the area where collection of A. ventricosus spat can be successful.     

日本沼虾饲料最适蛋白质、脂肪含量及能量蛋白比的研究

本文研究了日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)饲料的最适蛋白质含量、脂肪含量及能量蛋白比。试验用饲料由酪蛋白、糊精、混合油、复合维生素和无机盐混合物等组成。本试验用的日本沼虾体重为 1.77±0.23克,试验期间水温为 21—25℃。用增重率、饲料系数和肝胰脏α-淀粉酶活力等作为评价指标。试验结果表明:日本沼虾配合饲料适宜蛋白质含量为 36.8—42.27％,适宜脂肪含量为6—12％。当配合饲料的蛋内质含量在适宜范围内,饲料能量蛋白比(C/P)为8千卡/克蛋白左右,每公斤配合饲料的总能量为3006—3561千卡是最为适宜的。当饲料总能量在一定范围内,随着饲料碳水化合物含量的增加,肝胰脏α-淀粉酶活力增强。     

日本蟳幼体发育的研究

日本蟳Charybdis(charybdis)Japonica(A.Milne-Edwards)是我国大型海产食用蟹类之一。它遍布我国、日本、朝鲜和马来西亚沿岸,红海等亦有分布。关于日本蟳幼体发育的研究,Aikawa(1937)曾观察了第1期溞状幼体,Kurata和Nishina(1975)观察到第4期溞状幼体;八塚刚(1952、1957、1962)和寺田正之(1979)也曾对日本蟳的溞状幼体进行过描述,而我国沿海日本蟳发育,迄今未见研究报告。笔者自1984年7月,开始了日本蟳的室内人工繁殖和幼体培育,并培养出第1期幼蟹,85年又对各期幼体的发育形态进行了系统的观察和研究。现将结果整理如下。