Agglomeration of Services in American Metropolitan Areas

The growth of many service industries among American metropolitan areas stem from an eclectic set of forces. These include market penetration effects of increasing importance of services throughout the economy, agglomeration effects in immature and deregulated industries, and institutional and infrastructure constraints. These diverse forces are interpreted as urbanization and localization economies. A cycle of centralization of 27 fast growing service industries is documented for MS As in the period 1977-84. The two agglomeration effects are tested directly, using a power function model that relates employment and establishment growth to MSA size and initial level of employment in a local industry. Localization economies rather than the general advantages of metropolitan size best explain the growth patterns. This result implies that service industrial complexes are rapidly emerging in American metropolitan areas.     

~(14)C-多菌灵和~(14)C-呋喃丹的单剂及混剂处理棉种后放射性物质在棉苗上的吸收与分布

一、前言多菌灵(Carbendazim,MBC),化学名称:0一二甲基-N-2-苯并咪唑氨基甲酸酯。它是一种高效、低毒、广谱的内吸杀菌剂。呋喃丹(Carbofuran,Furadan),化学名称:2,3-二氢-2,2一二甲基-F-苯并呋喃-N-甲基氨基甲酸酯。它是一种广谱杀虫、杀螨、杀线虫剂。具有触杀、内吸和胃毒作用。多菌灵和呋喃丹的合剂棉种包衣对于棉花苗期病虫害的防治效果显著。在我国,它被视为一种经济、有效的防治手段(Shen et al.     

Cryopreservation and In Vitro culture of Preimplantation Embryos in Djungarian Hamster (Phodopus sungorus)

Although embryo cryobanking was applied to Syrian golden and to Campbell's hamsters, no attempt has been made at freezing embryos in Djungarian hamsters. Four‐cell stage embryos were flushed from the reproductive ducts of pregnant females before noon of the third‐day post coitum and frozen in 0.25‐ml straws according to standard procedures of slow cooling. A mixture of permeating (ethylene glycol) and non‐permeating (sucrose) cryoprotectants was used. The thawing was performed by incubating at RT for 40 s followed by 40 s in a water bath at 30.0°C. Most (66.7%) of the non‐frozen four‐cell embryos developed up to the morula stage in rat one‐cell embryo culture medium (R1ECM). The use of hamster embryo culture medium (HECM) yielded fewer morulas (18.2%) during the same 24‐h period of culture. The rate of embryo's surviving the freezing–thawing procedures, as estimated by light microscopy, was 60.7–68.8%. After 24‐h culturing in R1ECM, 64.7% of frozen–thawed four‐cell embryos developed and all of them reached the morula stage. Supplementation of R1ECM with GM‐CSF (2 ng/ml) improved the rate of Djungarian hamster frozen–thawed embryo development: 100% of the four‐cell stage embryos developed, 50% of them achieved the morula stage, and 50% developed even further and reached the blastocyst stage within 24 h of culturing. This study reports the world's first successful transfer of frozen–thawed Djungarian hamster embryos yielding term pups. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate the possibility of applying some key reproductive technologies, that is, embryo freezing/cryopreservation and in vitro culture, to Djungarian hamsters.     

曲霉转化中药材的研究进展

微生物转化已成为中药现代化研究的热点之一,本文对微生物转化中使用频率高的曲霉菌转化中药材的应用进行综述,并对广泛使用的黑曲霉对人参皂苷、黄山药、槐米中的芦丁、虎杖中的白藜芦醇苷、黄芩等的转化应用进行了介绍。     

Synthesis and herbicidal activity of new 3-(3-bromothiophen-2-yl)-5-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxymethyl-5-methyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazole as a paddy field herbicide

A new compound 3-(3-bromothiophen-2-yl)-5-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxymethyl-5-methyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazole was synthesized and the herbicidal activity was assessed under glasshouse and flooded paddy field conditions. This compound demonstrated good rice selectivity and potent herbicidal activity against annual weeds at 125 g ai ha⁻¹ under greenhouse conditions. Soil application of this compound showed the complete control of barnyardgrass to the 4th leaf stage at 250 g ai ha⁻¹. Field trials indicated that this compound, combined with pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, controlled annual and perennial weeds rapidly with good tolerance by transplanted rice seedlings from postemergence and soil application. This compound showed a low mammalian and environmental toxicity in various toxicological tests.     

限时放牧对苏尼特羔羊生长性能及主要消化器官发育的影响

为研究限时放牧对苏尼特羔羊生长性能及肉品质的影响,试验选取30只体重相近的4月龄苏尼特去势公羔作为试验动物,将其随机分成5组,每组6只。试验第Ⅰ组完全舍饲,不放牧,补饲精料500g;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组放牧加补饲,放牧时间分别为2、4、8h,分别补饲精料500、250、250g;第Ⅴ组为全天放牧,放牧12h,不补饲。试验结束后羔羊全部屠宰,取相应组织样分析处理。结果表明:放牧加补饲有利于提高日增重,但放牧时间过长日增重反而降低(第Ⅳ组);第Ⅲ组羔羊的小肠长度、四胃总重量和四胃所占比例均高于其他各组,且四胃所占比例显著高于第Ⅰ组(P<0.05),其中瘤胃的发育好于其他各组。     

Effect of Acute Bull Exposure Around the Time of Artificial Insemination on Serum Oxytocin and Progesterone Concentrations and Pregnancy Rates in Dairy Cows

This study examined the effect of acute bull exposure around the time of artificial insemination (AI) on oxytocin and progesterone concentrations, and pregnancy rates in dairy cows. Ninety six dairy cows, stratified according to parity into primiparous and pluriparous, were divided into three groups; short bull exposure (SBE; 10 min, n = 32), long bull exposure (LBE; 4 h, n = 32) or no bull exposure (NBE; n = 32). On day 45 post‐partum, all cows were treated with PGF2α on three occasions 11–14 days apart to synchronize oestrus. They were submitted to fixed time AI 80 h after the third PGF2α injection. Cows in the SBE and LBE groups were artificially inseminated 5 min after the introduction of the bull. From a subset of cows (n = 6 per group; three primiparous and three pluriparous), blood samples were collected once every 5 min starting 15 min before AI until 15 min after AI and analysed for oxytocin concentrations. Additional blood samples were collected for measurements of progesterone (P4) concentrations once daily for 4 days starting on the day of AI and once every 3 days thereafter until day 22. The effects of bull exposure, time, parity, difficulty of AI, and pregnancy on oxytocin and P4 concentrations were analysed using the mixed linear model procedure. Mean oxytocin concentrations or change in oxytocin concentrations after bull exposure or AI were not different among groups. Pregnancy rates for the NBE, SBE and LBE groups were 55.5%, 33.3% and 44.4%, respectively, and were not different among groups. In conclusion, acute bull exposure around the time of AI did not affect oxytocin and progesterone concentrations and did not improve pregnancy rates in dairy cattle under these farms conditions.     

Expression of nuclear factor-κB in asthmatic guinea pigs and the effect of erigeron breviscapus on it

AIM:To explore the expression of nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)in asthmatic guinea pigs,and the effect of erigeron breviscapus,a protein kinase C(PKC)inhibitor,on the expression of nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB).METHODS:48 guinea pigs were randomly divided into 6 groups(n=8).Airway resistance and eosinophilic inflammation of airway wall were examined,the expression of NF-κB in the lung tissue was detected by immunohistochemical staining.RESULTS:The expression of NF-κB was mainly found in airway epithelium,all the asthmatic animals showed significantly higher optical densities than that of the normal control group(P＜0.01),and the rats subjected therapeutic treatment for two weeks showed significantly lower NF-κB expression than those of the asthmatic groups(P＜0.01).Positive correlation exist between the airway resistance and the percentage of cells expressing NF-κB in epithelium,and between the amount of eosinophil in airway wall and the percentage of cells expressing NF-κB in epithelium(P＜0101).CONCLUSION:The increased expression of NF-κB in airway epithelium of the asthmatic guinea pigs suggested that NF-κB may be involved in asthma.And result that the increased expression of NF-κB was inhibited significantly by the treatment of the erigeron breviscapus suggested that PKC may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of asthma through NF-κB.     

玛多县防灾基地建设效益调查

玛多县自 1 993年实施防灾基地建设项目以来 ,到 2 0 0 0年底全县累计建成“三配套”建设户 1 0 99户 ,建成牲畜暖棚 1 0 0 1幢、6.0 1× 1 0 4 ,建成围栏草地 2 .0 9× 1 0 4 h ,累计种植一年生饲草饲料 88h 。通过项目实施 ,项目区每年增加收益 334.79万元。