Nucleic acid vaccines: research tool or commercial reality

Polynucleotide immunization has captured the imagination of numerous researchers and commercial companies around the world as a novel approach for inducing immunity in animals. Clearly, the 'proof-of-principle' has been demonstrated both in rodents and various animal species. However, to date, no commercial veterinary vaccine has been developed, or to our knowledge, is in the licensing phase. The present review summarizes the types of pathogens and host species for which polynucleotide immunization has been tried. We have tried to identify possible barriers to commercialization of this technology and areas that need attention if this promising technology is ever to become a reality in the commercial arena.     

Sequence analyses of feline B7 costimulatory molecules

Using RT-PCR amplifications with mRNA from mitogen-stimulated feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cDNA of feline B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) were cloned. The cDNA were sequenced and putative translated protein sequences compared with known counterpart sequences. Hydrophilicity patterns of the feline CD80 and CD86 which were only 26.8% identical at the amino acid sequence were very distinct from each other, but similar to the putative human CD80 and CD86 proteins, respectively. The feline CD80 gene encoded a protein of 292 amino acids and the CD86 gene encoded a protein of 329 amino acids. Amino-terminal signal sequences, extracellular Ig V- and Ig C-like domains, transmembrane domains, and carboxyl cytoplasmic domains were identified in both molecules. Although the most conserved domain among the CD80 sequences was the Ig C-like domain, the most conserved domain among the CD86 sequences was the Ig V-like domain. Among the known sequences, the bovine CD80 and the porcine CD86 sequences available for comparisons were identified as most closely related to the feline CD80 (63.3%) and CD86 (67.5%), respectively. The mouse molecules were the least identical (43.6 and 43.6%, respectively) with the feline CD80 and CD86 proteins. The human CD80 and CD86 molecules were 56.3 and 57.0% identical with the feline molecules.     

IBDV-induced bursal T lymphocytes inhibit mitogenic response of normal splenocytes

We examined the suppressive activity of bursal T cells induced by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in inbred (15x7) and outbred commercial specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The suppressive activity was measured by the ability of bursal and splenic T cells from IBDV-infected chickens to inhibit mitogenic responses of normal splenocytes. The bursacytes but not the splenocytes of IBDV-infected chickens inhibited the mitogenic responses of normal splenocytes. The mitogenic inhibition by the bursacytes of IBDV-infected chickens was dose-dependent. The suppression was observed both in inbred and non-inbred chickens, and thus, was non MHC-restricted. Cell-sorting experiments revealed that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells from the bursa of IBDV-infected chickens, as well as cell-culture supernatants conditioned by these cells, mediated suppression. Suppressor T (Ts) cells may therefore be involved in the immunosuppression induced by IBDV.     

Using a Bayesian belief network to aid differential diagnosis of tropical bovine diseases

The examination of presenting signs has always played an important role in the diagnosis of diseases in animal populations. In the case of diseases of tropical cattle, such expertise is often scarce and confined to those experts with many years of experience. To capture, conserve and disseminate such valuable expert knowledge remains a key challenge to the application of knowledge-based systems in veterinary medicine. In this communication, we explore the use of a Bayesian belief network to quantify expert opinion with a view to estimating the likelihood of various diseases in the presence and absence of certain signs. Information was elicited from a panel of 44 experienced veterinarians to provide the response matrix of 27 signs associated with 20 commonly occurring diseases in sub-Saharan cattle. Using this prior information, estimates of the probability of certain signs occurring with each disease were calculated from which the Bayesian belief network was able to propagate the posterior probability of each of the diseases based on the observed signs. The method as an aid in making diagnosis is discussed. It is recognised that such an approach is but one strand in the process of arriving at a diagnosis. For ease of use and accessibility, the approach has been converted into the software program CaDDiS (Cattle Disease Diagnosis System) which is available for consultation on the World Wide Web.