Effects of starch and protein sources on starch disappearance in the gastrointestinal tract of Hanwoo (Korean native) steers

Hanwoo (Korean native) steers (274.8 ± 4.6 kg) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to examine the effects of dietary treatments on starch disappearance in the gastrointestinal tract. Dietary treatments consisted of concentrate that were based on ground corn with soybean meal (C‐SBM), ground corn with corn gluten meal (C‐CGM), ground barley with soybean meal (B‐SBM) and ground barley with corn gluten meal (B‐CGM). Although the intakes of starch and protein for steers fed experimental diets were different, it did not change ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations. Average duodenal CP flow and quantity of CP apparently digested post‐ruminally was higher (P = 0.001) for CGM‐based diets than SBM‐based diets. There were increases in quantity (P < 0.001) and percentage (P < 0.001) of corn starch digested post‐ruminally compared to barley starch. Synchronized diets showed higher percentages (P = 0.03) of starch apparently digested post‐ruminally than asynchronization. Hanwoo steers fed a corn‐based diet with a large quantity of starch reaching the duodenum and fed C‐CGM supplying great amounts of protein to the small intestine may have contributed to increased post‐ruminal starch digestion.     

人参种源遗传多样性和遗传关系的AFLP分析

【目的】阐明不同种源人参的遗传关系和遗传多样性。【方法】用AFLP分子标记对来自我国吉林、辽宁2省及韩国、朝鲜的24份人参种源的多态性、亲缘关系和居群遗传多样性进行分析。【结果】从36对AFLP引物组合中,筛选出8对扩增条带清晰、多态性高的引物组合,用这8对引物共扩增出188个位点,其中138个位点为多态位点,多态位点百分率为73.4%;通过聚类分析,可将24个人参种源聚为4类;在集安、抚松和韩国的3个人参居群中,集安居群的Nei’s基因多样度、Shannon’s信息指数均最高,分别为0.1689和0.2738。【结论】AFLP分子标记研究结果能较好地揭示人参种源间的遗传多样性和遗传关系。     

Evidence of density-dependent effects on population variation of Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanosticta) off Korea

Interannual variation of some biological parameters for the Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanosticta, population in Korean waters was investigated using scientific surveys and fisheries information since the late 1970s. The abundance and geographical coverage of sardine eggs were high (peak in 1986) and broad when spawning biomasses were high in the mid 1980s, and vice versa in the late 1970s and the early 1990s. Also, feeding and spawning areas based on fisheries information exhibited the same pattern of expansion/contraction as seen in ichthyoplankton surveys. Annual Gonadal Somatic Index (GSI) in spawning season (February to April) and the size at age 1 of sardine were reduced during the high abundance period. It is suggested that density‐dependent effects on the reproduction and growth of the sardine population in Korean waters existed.     

根迹土壤根诱导的化学变化对植物吸收重金属的影响

It is increasingly recognized that metal bioavailability is a better indicator of the potential for phytoremediation than the total metal concentration in soils; therefore, an understanding of the inffuence of phytoremediation plants on metal dynamics at the soil-root interface is increasingly vital for the successful implementation of this remediation technique. In this study, we investigated the heavy metal and soil solution chemical changes at field moisture, after growth of either Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) or sunffower (Helianthus annuus L.), in long-term contaminated soils and the subsequent metal uptake by the selected plants. In addition, the fractions of free metal ions in soil solution were determined using the Donnan membrane technique. After plant growth soil solution pH increased by 0.2-1.4 units and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increased by 1-99 mg L^-1 in all soils examined. Soluble Cd and Zn decreased after Indian mustard growth in all soils examined, and this was attributed to increases in soil solution pH (by 0.9 units) after plant growth. Concentrations of soluble Cu and Pb decreased in acidic soils but increased in alkaline soils. This discrepancy was likely due to a competitive effect between plant-induced pH and DOC changes on the magnitude of metal solubility. The fractions of free Cd and Zn ranged from 7.2% to 32% and 6.4% to 73%, respectively, and they generally decreased as pH and DOC increased after plant growth. Metal uptake by plants was dependant on the soil solution metal concentration, which was governed by changes in pH and DOC induced by plant exudates, rather than on the total metal concentrations. Although plant uptake also varied with metal and soil types, overall soluble metal concentrations in the rhizosphere were mainly inffuenced by root-induced changes in pH and DOC which subsequently affected the metal uptake by plants.     

Effects of fermented mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) by‐product diets on growth performance and carcass traits in growing‐fattening Berkshire pigs

This study was conducted to investigate effects of fermented mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) by‐product diets on the growth performance and carcass traits in growing‐fattening Berkshire pigs. The fermented diets mainly contained 40.0% mushroom by‐product, 20.0% formula feed, 26.0% rice bran and supplemental 0.1% probiotics. The mixed ingredients were fermented for 5 days at room temperature. Berkshire pigs (n = 225) were divided into five groups and three replications. The basal diets (C) were substituted by 10% (T1), 30% (T2), 50% (T3) and 70% (T4) fermented mushroom by‐product diets. Crude protein concentration and total calorie in fermented diets were significantly increased (P < 0.05) at the end of fermentation days compared with initial fermentation day. Body weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass weight were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the T2, T3 and T4 groups than in the control group. Carcass grade was significantly better (P < 0.05) in the pigs fed fermented diets than in the pigs fed control diet and the ratio of high grade (1 plus 2 grades) was higher in the fermented diet groups compared with the control group. Therefore, although a diet of fermented mushroom by‐product decreased growth performance and feed efficiency, it improved the carcass grade in Berkshire pigs.     

不同生长环境下水稻结实率数量性状位点的检测

以籼稻密阳23与粳稻吉冷1号配制所获得的F_2:3群体200个家系作为作图群体，在北京、昆明、三亚、公主岭和韩国春川等5个点进行水稻结实率的鉴定，并利用SSR标记对水稻结实率数量性状位点进行检测。结果表明，水稻结实率表型值及其在F₃家系群中的分布以及所检测到的QTL数目因生长环境不同而有较大差异，说明QTL与环境有明显的互作效应。水稻结实率在F₃家系群中呈接近正态或偏态的连续分布，是多个基因所控制的数量性状。共检测到与水稻结实率相关的QTL 14个，分布于第1、2、3、4、6、7、8、10和12染色体上，对表型变异的贡献率为4.9%～15.3%。分别位于第1、2、6和12染色体RM1~RM259、RM263~RM6、RM340~RM30、RM270~RM17区间的qSSR1、qSSR2、qSSR6和qSSR12至少在2种生长环境下均检测到，对表型变异的贡献率分别为4.9%～8.4%、4.8%～7.2%、7.6%～10.7%和7.4%～10.4%。以上多数QTL增效等位基因均来自吉冷1号，基因作用方式主要为部分显性或显性或超显性。     

Two cases of acute polyradiculoneuritis in dogs consuming a raw poultry diet

A 9-year-old female mixed-breed dog presented with ascending flaccid tetraparesis, and a 5-year-old castrated male Poodle dog presented with ventroflexion of neck, dysphonia, and hindlimb weakness, which progressed to acute ascending tetraparesis. Both dogs were fed raw poultry for over 9 and 5 years, respectively. Blood examination and other test results were normal or unrelated to the present case. Fecal polymerase chain reaction analysis in the Poodle dog was positive for Clostridium perfringens and Campylobacter jejuni. Tetraparesis improved with supportive care in both dogs. Human IV immunoglobulin was only administered to the Poodle dog, which showed a shorter recovery (12 days compared to 34 days in the mixed-breed dog). Both dogs returned to normal conditions eventually.     

VIRTUAL CT OTOSCOPY OF THE MIDDLE EAR AND OSSICLES IN DOGS

Virtual otoscopy enables noninvasive 3D endoluminal imaging of the middle ear through postprocessing of computed tompgraphy (CT) data. A standardized imaging approach for the middle ear was established in six normal dogs in an attempt to optimize the clinical application and student education. High‐resolution CT data were obtained. Virtual otoscopic images of the middle ear cavity and ossicles were generated using commercially available software. The views of the four different directions (the ear canal, tympanic bulla, eustachian tube, and ossicular chain) were made for virtual otoscopy. The promontory, cochlea window, tympanic bulla, septum bulla, and auditory tube were distinguished easily and clearly. One of the ossicles, the malleus, was visualized accurately. However, small structures such as the incus and stapes always could not be seen. The main advantage of virtual otoscopy is not only to provide diagnostic information but also to enhance the quality and efficiency of student education, because it contributes to an understanding of the anatomy of the middle ear. We describe the normal topographical 3Dimages of the middle ear of the dog using virtual otoscopy.     

Effect of placenta feeding to sows on plasma biochemical composition and growth of their piglets

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects on the plasma biochemical composition and growth of piglets of placenta‐fed sows. The experimental animals were a total of 21 sows (L × LW) of third parity, and each sow was suckled by 11 ± 1 piglets. Sows fed without placenta were considered as the control (C), treatment 1 (T1) were placenta‐fed from days 1–7 after farrowing and treatment 2 (T2) were placenta‐fed from day 7 before farrowing to day 7 after farrowing. Glucose of piglets was lower (P < 0.05) in T2 than C and T1 on day 10. Total cholesterol of piglets was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than C on day 4. Fe of piglets was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than C on days 4, 20 and 30. Unsaturated iron‐binding capacity was lower (P < 0.05) in T2 than C on days 4 and 30. Immunoglobulin G of piglets was higher (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than C on days 4 and 10. Daily gain of piglets was higher (P < 0.05) in T1 than C and T2 on day 4 when daily gain was calculated. Total daily gain increased (P < 0.05) by prolongation of placenta feeding period. The results indicate that feeding placenta to sows may improve the plasma biochemical composition and growth of their piglets.     

Systemic infection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis and fungus in a pet dog

A 3-year-old neutered female poodle with a long history of dermatophytic skin disease was presented with lethargy, anorexia and progressive weight loss. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed markedly enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and multiple hypoechoic foci in the spleen. Cytology of the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen showed granulomatous inflammation with fungal organisms and negatively stained intracytoplasmic bacterial rods consistent with Mycobacteria spp. Based on culture, multiplex polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis, the bacterium was identified as Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis. Despite treatment with antibiotics, the dog’s condition deteriorated, and it died approximately 3 weeks after first presentation.