Determination of main categories of components in corn steep liquor by near-infrared spectroscopy and partial least-squares regression

Corn steep liquor (CSL) is an important raw material that has a high nutritional value and serves as a nitrogen source. This study aimed to develop a fast, versatile, cheap, and environmentally safe analytical method of quantifying the total acidity (TA) of CSL as well as its contents of dry matter (DM), total sugars (TS), total reducing sugars (TRS), total free amino acids (TFAA), total nitrogen (TN), and total sulfite (TSu). The near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy measurements of 66 samples (22 batches) of CSL were analyzed by partial least-squares regression using several spectral preprocessing methods. Multivariate models developed in the NIR area showed good predictive abilities for DM, TA, TS, TRS, TFAA, TN, and TSu determination. These results confirm the feasibility of the multivariate spectroscopic approach as a replacement for expensive and time-consuming conventional chemical methods. Thus, a convenient and feasible method for the quality control of fermentation raw materials for food additives and fine chemicals, especially in CSL, is established.     

土壤侵蚀磁性示踪剂对大白菜生理特性及产量和品质的影响

通过大田试验研究了不同浓度的土壤侵蚀磁性示踪剂对大白菜生理特性及产量、品质的影响。结果表明,在4个浓度(1%、3%、5%、10%)的示踪剂处理下,大白菜叶长、叶宽及产量均明显增大;低浓度(3%～5%)的示踪剂提高了大白菜的株高,促进了根的伸长,显著提高了叶绿素含量(p<0.05),同时对大白菜净光合速率、蒸腾速率也有促进作用。示踪剂处理使叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著降低(p<0.05),而根系中SOD活性则显著升高(p<0.05);示踪剂对过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响与对SOD活性的影响恰好相反,对过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性影响较小,在低浓度条件下,叶片与根系中POD和CAT保持有较高活性;示踪剂还导致叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著提高(p<0.05)。同时,示踪剂降低了大白菜可溶性糖含量,但不显著。示踪剂浓度大于5%时显著降低维生素C含量(p<0.05)。低浓度(1%～3%)处理时有效改善了大白菜品质。总之,低浓度的示踪剂用量对大白菜生长有促进作用,高浓度的示踪剂对大白菜生长有抑制作用。     

Effects of ectomycorrhizal fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Boletus edulis</Emphasis> and mycorrhiza helper <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus cereus</Emphasis> on the growth and nutrient uptake by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus thunbergii</Emphasis>

The present greenhouse study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of co-inoculating the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus Boletus edulis with the mycorrhiza helper bacterium Bacillus cereus HB12 or HB59 on the growth and nutrient uptake of Pinus thunbergii. The inoculation with mycorrhiza helper bacterium significantly (P?≤?0.05) increased the ectomycorrhizal colonization. Treatments with dual inoculum (the mycorrhiza helper bacterium plus mycorrhiza) significantly (P?≤?0.05) increased the P. thunbergii growth. Bacteria–mycorrhizae interactions resulted in a great utilization of phosphate and potassium. The single inoculation resulted in a higher root activity than the control while the co-inoculation led to the highest root activity. The 6-CFDA staining assay showed that B. cereus enhanced fungal activity in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. The results conclusively suggest that B. cereus isolated from the rhizosphere of P. thunbergii can potentially be used as individual inoculant or co-inoculated with ECM fungi to increase the production in sustainable ecological systems. These results support the potential use of B. cereus (HB12 or HB59) and B. edulis as mixed inoculants stimulating growth of P. thunbergii.     

蒸煮过程中稻米水分状态的质子核磁共振谱测定

对3种稻米蒸煮过程中水分的状态进行了¹H-NMR测定。结果表明, 不同品种的原料稻米具有相近的弛豫特征。但在蒸煮过程中，纵弛豫时间会因品种的不同而呈现出显著的差异。分析结果认为，稻米中水分的存在状态有自由水、构造水和结合水等3种形式。蒸煮过程中各种稻米水分状态的差异与谷粒中有机物的理化特性密切相关，并可能是导致米饭具有不同食味特性的重要原因。     

河北省沙尘暴与水土流失

2000年3－5月北方发生了13次沙尘暴,使人们谈沙色变,记忆犹新,认识到北京及其周边地区的生态环境在恶性。沙尘暴是现有的水土流失,是严重的水土流失,是植被破坏后造成的恶果,是与滑坡、崩塌、泥石流类似的生态灾难。河北省张家口和承德是沙尘的主要沙源地,治理好该地区的水土流失,对实现其可持续发展至关重要。     

不同样本尺度和分区方案的粮食产量空间化及误差修正

粮食产量数据空间化有助于粮食产量数据与其他自然、人文数据进行综合分析,但空间化过程中必然会产生误差。该文按照3种分区方案(全国不分区、全国分为7个区以及按省分区),选择3种尺度上(县级、地市级和公里网格)的总产及平均产量数据(即4种样本:县级粮食总产、县级平均粮食产量、地市级粮食总产、地市级平均粮食产量)分别为因变量,以对应的3种农田类型(水田、水浇地、旱地)面积数据为自变量,利用多元线性回归分析方法,得到15种空间化模型。采用两阶段误差分析方法,选取2个模型误差评价因子和5个空间化结果误差评价因子,对模型和空间化结果进行误差分析。结果表明:1)空间化过程中,模型精度与空间化结果的精度存在不一致性;2)对于采用同一样本的模型(常数项为0)而言,空间化结果精度随着分区方案的细化先提高再降低,而对于采用同一样本的模型(常数项非0)而言,空间化结果精度随着分区方案的细化而降低;3)在全国不分区和分为7个区2种情况下,空间化结果精度随着分析样本尺度的细化(从地市级到县级再到公里网格)先提高后降低。根据上述分析结果,最终以县级粮食总产为样本、常数项为0、全国分7个区建模的方案实现全国粮食产量数据空间化,并通过修正,得到2005年中国粮食产量公里网格分布图。该研究弥补了粮食产量空间化误差分析的不足,探寻了不同样本尺度和分区方案与空间化误差的关系,提高了空间化精度,同时对其他类型的社会经济统计数据空间化研究具有一定的参考价值。     

适宜共混速度改善低密度聚乙烯/竹粉复合材料力学与流变性能

该文主要研究共混速度对(low density polyethylene,LDPE)/竹粉木塑复合材料、流变性能和吸水率的影响。采用熔融共混方法制备LDPE/竹粉复合材料,通过旋转流变仪、扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和材料试验机等详细研究了共混速度(40,75和100 r/min)对LDPE/竹粉复合材料的复合材料动态力学性能、形态、吸水率和力学性能的影响。在LDPE/竹粉复合材料,LDPE、增容剂马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯(maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene,MAPE)和竹粉的质量比控制在65∶5∶30。共混温度和时间分别设定为170℃和10 min。结果表明,添加竹粉可有效增强LDPE的力学性能。LDPE/竹粉复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度随着共混速度的增加而呈现下降趋势,但是与纯LDPE相比,LDPE/竹粉复合材料(40 r/min)的拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别增加了28%和115%;弯曲模量从48.45 MPa降低到40.75 MPa。与LDPE相比,LDPE/竹粉复合材料(40 r/min)的弯曲模量最高增加了238%;缺口冲击强度则从12.8 k J/m2提高到18.27 k J/m2,但仍低于纯LDPE。在相同频率下(1.0 Hz),随着共混速度的增加,LDPE/竹粉复合材料的储能模量和复数黏度也逐渐下降,加工性能得到了改善;同时复合材料的吸水率也从0.89%(40 r/min)下降至0.59%(100 r/min)。SEM结果表明,竹粉能均匀分布在LDPE中,提高共混速度使得竹粉表面被大量树脂覆盖,改善了界面性能,使得材料断裂面产生大量的塑性形变,提高了材料韧性和冲击强度。试验结果证实共混速度为100 r/min时,LDPE/竹粉复合材料具有较好的冲击强度和较低的吸水率,这为木塑复合材料力学性能和吸水率的改善提供有意借鉴。     

自动清粪机器人路径规划方法的研究与实现

自动清粪机器人的工作环境复杂,不仅有静态障碍物(如牛栏),且动态障碍物众多(如人和牲畜等)。为此,提出了一种基于行为方法的路径规划法。该方法非常适合于动态环境下机器人的运动规划,其原理简单、计算快捷、容易实现。根据该算法,确立了一套完整的软件系统和设计方案,并在此基础上制造出了样机。经过样机在奶牛养殖场的工作和测试,验证了该方法的实时性、准确性和可操作性。     

Antioxidant effects of chromium supplementation with type 2 diabetes mellitus and euglycemic subjects

To determine the effects of chromium (Cr) supplementations on oxidative stress of type 2 diabetes and euglycemic (EU) subjects, adult having HbA(1C) values of <6.0% (EU), 6.8-8.5% (mildly hyperglycemic, MH), and >8.5% (severely hyperglycemic, SH) were supplemented for 6 months with 1000 microg/day of Cr (as Cr yeast) or with a placebo. In the beginning, the levels of the plasma Cr in the MH and SH groups were 25-30% lower than those of the EU subjects. The values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total antioxidative status (TAS) of the MH and SH groups were significantly higher than those of the EU ones. Following supplementations, the levels of plasma TBARS in the Cr groups of MH and SH groups were significantly decreased (the inverse was found in the EU) and showed no significant changes in the placebo group. The levels of plasma TAS in the Cr groups of EU and MH were significantly decreased (the inverse was found in the SH) and showed no significant changes in the placebo group. No significant difference was found in the antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase) activities during supplementations. These data suggest that Cr supplementation was an effective treatment strategy to minimize increased oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients whose HbA(1C) level was >8.5%, and the Cr in EU groups might act as a prooxidant.     

传送带式蔬菜移栽机的设计与研究

为解决当前我国蔬菜移栽机存在的结构复杂、配件繁多、操作麻烦且投苗率低及伤苗率高的问题,设计研究了传送带式蔬菜移栽机。该机结构简单、使用方便、工作效率高且对秧苗损伤小,使用时由拖拉机牵引,人工投苗,可实现半自动化移栽。通过更换从动链轮可对株距进行调节,通过调整传送带支架及固定架的数量及其在底盘上的位置可实现移栽行数、行距的改变,从而满足不同地区不同蔬菜的移栽农艺的要求。