浅析伊图里河林业局森林资源消长趋势

文章通过对伊图里河林业局1994年、2005年两次二类调查数据的分析,详细阐述了森林资源消长变化总趋势,在此基础上对伊图里河林业局森林资源现状及其特点进行了分析,提出了对森林资源管理利用的建议。     

Evidence that moxidectin is a greater risk factor than ivermectin in the development of resistance to macrocyclic lactones by Ostertagia spp in sheep in south eastern Australia

AIM: To determine associations between resistance of Ostertagia (= Teladorsagia) spp to macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics and history of use of anthelmintics, by type, on commercial sheep farms in temperate regions of southern South Australia and Victoria, Australia.

METHODS: Faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRTs) were conducted during a 2.5-year period (from August 2001 to January 2004) and records of the type of anthelmintic used in the 5 years preceding the FECRTs were collected from commercial sheep farms (n=103) in southern South Australia and Victoria, and data analysed retrospectively. ML resistance was defined as <95% reduction of Ostertagia spp 10–14 days after treatment with ivermectin (IVM), orally, at half the manufacturer's recommended dose rate. Use of anthelmintics in the preceding 5 and 10 years on each property was classified according to the nett number of years each of the following classes of drug had been used: IVM oral liquid (IVO), IVM controlled-release capsules (CRCs), abamectin (ABA), moxidectin (MOX) or a non-ML an- thelmintic. The prevalence of ML resistance, by property, was analysed for associations with prior use of anthelmintics.

RESULTS: Resistance by Ostertagia spp to ML anthelmintics was evident on 51/103 (49.5%) properties. The prevalence of resistance was lowest (23%) on properties on which MOX had not been used, and was significantly higher (64–77%) on properties on which MOX had been used for ≥2 of the preceding 5 years (p<0.001). In contrast, the prevalence of resistance was highest (70–74%) on the properties on which IVM, or IVM and/ or ABA, had not been used in the previous 5 years (on which the use of MOX was predominant), and was markedly lower (20– 42%) on properties that had used IVM or IVM and/or ABA for at least one of the preceding 5 years. Prevalence of resistance was higher for properties on which the only ML anthelmintic used was MOX (19/29=66%) than for those on which the only ML used was IVO (2/19=11%; p<0.001). Properties on which the only ML used was MOX were 2.72 times more likely to have resistance than properties on which the only ML used was IVO (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01–5.08).

CONCLUSION: Use of MOX for ≥2 of the preceding 5 years was associated with a higher prevalence of resistance to ML by Ostertagia spp on sheep farms in south eastern Australia than the use of IVO.     

Single-dose pharmacokinetics of flumequine in halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Flumequine was administered to halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) intravenously (i.v.) and orally (p.o.) at a dose of 10 mg/ kg bodyweight, and as a bath-treatment at a dose of 10 mg/L water for 2 h, using identical experimental designs. The study was performed in seawater with a salinity of 3% and a temperature of 10.3+/-0.4 degrees C (halibut) and 18.0+/-0.3 degrees C (turbot). Pharmacokinetic modelling of the data showed that flumequine had quite similar pharmacokinetic properties in halibut and turbot. Following intravenous administration, the volumes of distribution at steady state (Vss) were 2.99 L/kg (halibut) and 3.75 L/kg (turbot). Plasma clearances (Cl) were 0.12 L/kg (halibut) and 0.17 L/h x kg (turbot) and the elimination half-lives (t(1/2lambdaz)) were calculated to be 32 h (halibut) and 34 h (turbot). Mean residence times (MRT) were 25.1 h (halibut) and 22.2 h (turbot). Following oral administration, the t(1/2lambdaz) were 43 h (halibut) and 42 h (turbot). Maximal plasma concentrations (tmax) were 1.4 mg/L (halibut) and 1.9 mg/L (turbot), and were observed 7 h post administration in both species. The oral bioavailabilities (F) were calculated to 56% (halibut) and 59% (turbot). Following bath administration maximal plasma concentrations were 0.08 mg/L (halibut) and 0.14 mg/ L (turbot), and were observed 0 h (halibut) and 3 h (turbot) after the end of the bath. The bioavailability in halibut following a 2-h bath treatment was 5%.     

Precambrian sponges with cellular structures

Sponge remains have been identified in the Early Vendian Doushantuo phosphate deposit in central Guizhou (South China), which has an age of approximately 580 million years ago. Their skeletons consist of siliceous, monaxonal spicules. All are referred to as the Porifera, class Demospongiae. Preserved soft tissues include the epidermis, porocytes, amoebocytes, sclerocytes, and spongocoel. Among thousands of metazoan embryos is a parenchymella-type of sponge larvae having a shoe-shaped morphology and dense peripheral flagella. The presence of possible amphiblastula larva suggests that the calcareous sponges may have an extended history in the Late Precambrian. The fauna indicates that animals lived 40 to 50 million years before the Cambrian Explosion.     

纯种日本和牛与西门塔尔杂交牛与西门塔尔牛肉品质对比分析

[目的]旨在研究和牛杂交牛(日本和牛♀×西门塔尔牛♂)与西门塔尔牛的肉品质性能。[方法]选择相同月龄、体重相近的和牛杂交牛和西门塔尔牛各5头,屠宰后选取背最长肌分析肉品质特性。[结果]结果表明,和牛杂交牛的粗脂肪显著高于西门塔尔牛(P0.05);粗蛋白、成人必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸相比西门塔尔牛表现出良好的优势(P0.05);饱和脂肪酸含量降低,单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量相比西门塔尔牛有所升高(P0.05)。[结论]说明和牛杂交牛具有较好的营养价值,其肉品质略优于西门塔尔牛。     

Pre-weaning morbidity and mortality of llamas and alpacas

Objectives   To describe the morbidity and mortality patterns and identify factors associated with morbidity in pre-weaning llamas and alpacas.
Design   Cross-sectional observational study of 287 crias born on four farms in Ohio, USA
Procedure   Historical data representing all crias born over a 6-year period were obtained from two llama farms and two alpaca farms in Ohio. Multivariable generalised linear mixed effects regression models were used to identify factors associated with morbidity outcomes.
Results   In total, 105 (37%) of the llamas and alpacas had some reported morbidity during the pre-weaning period, and mortality rate was 2.1%. In addition, 51 (18%) of llamas and alpacas experienced morbidity because of infectious disease, and 47 (16%) experienced morbidity during the neonatal period. The three most commonly reported morbidity events were undifferentiated diarrhoea (23%), umbilical hernia (16%) and unspecified infectious disease (15%). Difficult birth was an important risk factor for pre-weaning morbidity in this population.
Conclusions   Camelid veterinarians and their clients can expect that pre-weaning health events are common among crias, although mortality is low. Crias experiencing difficult births may require additional monitoring for health events during the pre-weaning period.     

Response of weed emergence to rate of Vicia villosa Roth and Secale cereale L. residue

Vicia villosa Roth (hairy vetch) or Secale cereale L. (rye) residue at 2 to 4 times the natural field rate reduced seedling emergence of a wide variety of weed species. However, the natural rate of residue was insufficient for control of most weed species. The form of the response of weed emergence to increasing rates of residue varied among species: emergence of some species showed a monotonic decline in response to increasing rates of residue whereas emergence of others increased at low rates before declining at higher rates. In addition to reducing number of seedlings, high rates of residue delayed the date of emergence. Seed size was generally not a good indicator of a species' ability to emerge through residue, although one very large seeded weed, Abutilon theophrasti. was especially insensitive to residue. V. villosa and 5. cereale did not differ greatly in their effect on weeds early in the growing season, but V. villosa decomposed more rapidly and allowed greater emergence later in the season. Effet de résidus de Vicia villosa Roth et de Secale cereale L. sur la levée des mauvaises herbes Des résidus de Vicia villosa Roth (Vesce velue) et de Secale cereale L. (seigle) à 2–4 fois la quan-tité normale réduisaient la levée d'un large spectre de mauvaises herbes. Cependant la quantité normale de résidus était insuffisante pour lutter contre la plupart d'entre elles. La réponse de la levée des mauvaises herbes à des quantités crois-santes de rVsidus différait selon les espèces. Pour certaines, la levée subissait un déclin monotone; pour d'autres, elle augmentait en présence de faible quantités de reésidus puis décroissait pour des quantités plus importantes. Ces dernières réduisaient la levée et la retardaient également. La taille des graines n'était généralement pas un bon indicateur de la capacité des espèces à lever au travers des résidus, bien qu'une trèAs grosse grains, Abutilon theophrasti Medic., était particu-lièrement insensible aux résidus. V. villosa et 5. cereale ne différaient pas beaucoup dans leur effet sur les mauvaises herbes en début de saison, mais V. villosa se décomposait plus rapidement et permettait des levees plus importantes en fin de saison. Wirkung von Emterückständen von Vicia villosa Roth und Secale cereale L. aufdie Keimung von Unkräutern Durch 2- bis 4 fache Ernteräckstände der Be-haarten Wicke (Vicia villosa) und des Roggens (Secale cereale) wurde die Keimung einer großen Zahl von Unkrautarten herabgesetzt. Normale Ernterückstandsmengen behinderten jedoch die Keimung nur unzureichen. Die Art und Weise der Reaktion der Keimung auf höhere Riick-stände war von Art zu Art verschieden: Die Keimung einiger Arten nahm mit zunehmender Menge an Ernterückständen gleichmäßig ab, während sie bei anderen bei niedrigen Mengen anstieg, urn dann bei höheren Mengen abzunehmen. Zusätzlich zur Verringerung der Keimpflanzendichte wurde bei hohen Rück-standsmengen die Keimung verzögert. Die Samengröße war im allgemeinen kein guter Indikator für die Fähigkeit einer Art, durch das Rückstandsmaterial zu keimen, obwohl eine Art mit großen Samen, Abutilon theophrasti, gegenüber diesen Rückständen besonders unempfindlich war. Die Rückstände der beiden Kulturpflanzen zeigten zu Beginn der Vegetationsperiode keine großen Wirkungsunterschiede, aber die Rückstände von Vicia villosa zerfielen schneller und ließen später eine stärkere Keimung zu.     

苜蓿蓟马抗性与生理活性相关性研究(英文)

[Objective] The experiment explored of resistance of different Medicago sativa through synthetic variations of all physiological indexes and the correlation analysis between physiological activity and damage degree after thrips damage. [Method] According to studying physiological activity (POD activity, SOD activity, PPO activity, PAL activity, MDA content and free proline content) of alfalfa in alfalfa resistance to different number of thrips, the correlation between physiological activity and resistance was investigated. [Result] It was shown that there were negative correlations among POD, SOD, PPO, PAL, MDA, free praline and the number of thrips, and there were negative correlations among POD, SOD, PPO, PAL, MDA, free praline and CAT. The content changes of POD,SOD,PPO,CAT,MDA and free proline in high resistant alfalfa were slow and PAL was quick and the activities of PPO,PAL,CAT were high, and the activities of POD、SOD were low. [Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis and materials for identifying resistance varieties of alfalfa to thrip.     

A screening of medicinal compounds for their effect on egg strings and nauplii of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer)

Egg strings and nauplii of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis were exposed to a variety of medicinal compounds at 50 mg L^?1 for 30 min in two experiment series. This medicine concentration was selected as a starting point for a screening series. Hatching of egg strings and development to copepodid larvae were monitored in one experiment, and the survival and development of nauplii were monitored in the other. Two compounds, emamectin benzoate and cypermethrin, inhibited hatching effectively. Several compounds affected nauplii, either directly or through inhibiting development to the infective stage. A total of 50 mg L^?1 of azamethiphos, cypermethrin, emamectin benzoate and propoxur was lethal to >70% of the larvae. Diflubenzuron, fenoxycarb, pymetrozine, pyriprole and tebufenozide diminished the ability of nauplii developing to copepodids.