华南籼稻晚造稻米蒸煮、外观和碾米品质与食味品质的相关性研究

根据国家优质稻谷标准GB／T17891－1999，对60份华南籼稻晚造稻米样品进行了品质指标系统测定。蒸煮、外观、碾米品质与食味品质的相关性研究结果表明：华南籼稻晚造稻米的直链淀粉含量、垩白粉率和垩白度与食味品质呈极显著负相关，胶调度和粒型与食味品质呈极显著正相关；主成分分析表明：入选的3个主成分值分别被称为垩白粒率因子、出糙率因子和胶稠度因子。出糙率因子对食品品质有极显著正线性效应，垩白粒率因子对食味品质有极显著负线性关系。对食味品质的重要性顺序为出糙率因子＞垩白粒率因子＞胶稠度因子。讨论了华南籼稻晚造食味品质育种问题。     

高黎贡山土壤微生物生化活性的初步研究

高黎贡山位于滇西北中缅边境的横断山地区。由于其多种多样的森林类型、生物资源,早已引起世界性的广泛关注。高黎贡山山体宏大,上半部是国家级自然保护区,分布着多种类型的原生植被和丰富的生物资源;下部(1500m以下)有村庄分布,近10年来,由于人口激增,森林大量被砍伐、放牧和开垦成农田或人工纯林,形成片状分布的次生林,山底部的次生林基本上已被砍光。植被的破坏导致生态环境恶化,同时,也对自然保护区森林和生物资源产生了很大的威胁。     

玉米种质材料遗传多样性的ISSR分析（英文）

【目的】利用ISSR分子标记分析越南北部山区当地玉米种质材料的遗传多样性。【方法】采用ISSR技术和10个引物对从越南和老挝北部山区3个省收集的21份玉米种质材料即12份普通玉米和9份糯玉米的遗传多样性进行分析。【结果】在21份玉米种质材料中可以检测到108个ISSR片段,其多态性为100%。ISSR引物的多态性信息量值为0.10～0.39,每条引物平均为0.24;分辨力为14.29~0.48,平均每条为4.48。除ISSR-T1以外,所有ISSR引物在13份玉米材料中均产生特异性片段。根据聚类分析结果,使用70%的遗传相似性作为切割点,建立了玉米种质材料系统树,21份玉米种质材料被分为3大类。不同玉米材料的相似系数为0.52~0.90.【结论】ISSR标记可提供玉米种质遗传多样性信息,对越南玉米种质材料的收集、保护和育种具有重要作用。     

国产印楝种子中印楝素的结构鉴定

采用硅胶柱层析法从国产印楝（Azdirachta indica A.Juss)种子中分 离得到化合物FI5,经波变分析确定其结构为印楝素，并验证了印楝素的拒食活性。     

利用酶反应热效应检测过氧化氢酶活性

为了探索酶活性测定的新方法，降低酶活性常规测试中干扰因素的影响，提高酶活性测定的准确性，利用低电势电位差计及热电偶换能器检测过氧化氢酶活性，结果表明，测定的H2O2质量分数以9．6％为好，可以用于酶活性从0．5u至3．5u酶活力的检测，当H2O2质量分数在2．4％－7．2％时，酶反应速率与底物浓度有线性关系；当底物质量分数超过9．6％时，酶反应速率显现底物抑制的动力学特征。     

Effect of organic,inorganic and slow-release urea fertilisers on CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emissions from rice paddy fields

Vietnam is one of the world’s top two rice exporting countries. However, rice cultivation is the primary source of agriculture’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Vietnam. In particular, strategies are required to reduce GHG emissions associated with the application of organic and inorganic fertilisers. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of various combinations of biochar (BIOC), compost (COMP) and slow-release urea (SRU) on methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. In total, 1170 gas samples were collected from closed gas chambers in rice paddies at Thinh Long commune and Rang Dong farm in northern Vietnam between June and October 2014. The gas samples were analysed for CH₄-C and N₂O-N fluxes using gas chromatography. The application of BIOC alone resulted in the lowest CH₄ emissions (4.8–59 mg C m^?2 h^?1) and lowest N₂O emissions (0.15–0.26 µg N m^?2 h^?1). The combined application of nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) + COMP emitted the highest CH₄ (14–72 mg C m^?2 h^?1), while ½NPK + BIOC emitted the highest N₂O (1.03 µg N m^?2 h^?1 in the TL commune), but it was the second lowest (0.495 µg N m^?2 h^?1) in the RD farm. Green urea and orange urea reduced N₂O emissions significantly (p < 0.05) compared to white urea, but no significant differences were observed with respect to CH₄ emissions. SRU fertilisers and BIOC alone measured the lowest greenhouse gas intensity, i.e. <2.5 and 3 kg CO₂ eq. kg^?1 rice grain, respectively. Based on these results, application of fertilisers in the form of BIOC and/or orange or green urea could be a viable option to reduce both CH₄ and N₂O emissions from rice paddy soils.     

Salinity intrusion and rice production in Red River Delta under changing climate conditions

This study was carried out to identify the vulnerability of rice production to salinity intrusion arising from climate change in Giao Thuy, a coastal district of Nam Dinh Province, located in Red River Delta in Vietnam. From the analysis of historical climate data at Nam Dinh city, both mean maximum and minimum temperatures increased by about 0.3 and 0.1 °C per decade, respectively, during the period of 1961–2010. Salt concentration of the river water was higher at the irrigation gate closer to river mouth (Con Nhat) than at the upstream gate (Ha Mieu), which generally increased from 2003 to 2012, with the average maximum concentration up to 2.13 % at Con Nhat gate in 2010. The salt water concentration in the riverside field outside the dyke reached 3.6 %, while among the fields within dyke the salinity was only 0.7 % at maximum in January 2013, and the values were higher in paddy fields close to the dyke than far from the dyke. Average yield among the selected 27 fields from 2011 summer to 2013 spring rice was higher in spring rice (748 g m^?2) but lower in summer rice (417 g m^?2) mainly due to unfavorable weather such as cold spell at flowering and flood at harvesting time. Rice yield was lowest in general in the most downstream commune Giao Thien, and was significantly lower in field located close to the dyke than those far from the dyke. This spatial variability of rice yield may not be directly attributable to salinity, but to the other factors such as shift of irrigation intake gate to further upstream and/or different management such as less input of N fertilizer and use of traditional local variety.     

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) By-Product: Kinetic Analysis of Key Process Parameters and Characteristics of the Hydrolysates Obtained

In this study, kinetic evaluation of enzymatic hydrolysis of catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) by-product meat was conducted. The effects of key factors such as type of proteases (neutrase, papain, and bromelain), enzyme to substrate ratio (E/S), substrate concentration, and extent of hydrolysis on process efficiency, properties and functionalities of hydrolysates were evaluated. The results demonstrated that, for catfish shredded meat, bromelain and papain had higher affinity than neutrase. Kinetics parameters V_m and K_m of neutrase, papain, and bromelain were 4.486, 9.060, and 18.249 μM/min and 35.433, 6.582, and 7.034 g/l, respectively. Optimal E/S ratios of neutrase, papain, and bromelain were estimated to be 0.92, 2.76, and 3.31 mg/g. At optimal E/S, the highest possible substrate concentrations were found to be 108.4 g/l for neutrase, 36.2 g/l for papain, and 135.8 g/l for bromelain. Both kinetics study and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed that bromelain and papain had higher proteolytic activity toward catfish protein than neutrase. A significant increase in antioxidant activity of hydrolysates was observed with neutrase and papain hydrolysate, but not with bromelain. The results could be helpful for industrial processors to develop an efficient process for catfish by-product valorization.     

In vitro primary porcine alveolar macrophage cell toxicity and African swine fever virus inactivation using five commercially supply compound disinfectants under various condition

Efficacy of African swine fever virus (ASFV) inactivation using five commercially supply compound disinfectants was evaluated under various condition. Virucidal efficacy demonstrated that products A and E could inactivate at 1:800 within 1 min for both temperatures, while products B, C and D inactivated at 1:400. However, product D could inactivate at 1:800 when the exposure time was extended to 30 min and effected only 20°C. In addition, the cytotoxicity demonstrated that products A, B, C, D and E did not significantly affect to cell at 1:51,200, 1:12,800, 1:12,800, 1:25,600 and 1:12,800 dilution, respectively. In conclusion, these disinfectants could inactivate ASFV, however, the application of these products should be performed under safety precautions to prevent cytotoxicity in humans and animals.     

A long-term observation for ecology of pathogenic Yersinia in wild rodents living in Fukushima Prefecture,Japan

From 2012 to 2021, prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia in wild rodents captured in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan was investigated twice a year to clarify the ecology of this pathogen in wild rodent populations. Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica O8 was isolated from 13 (1.7%) of 755 wild rodents. The Y. enterocolitica O8 isolates harbored three virulent genes (ail, fyuA, and virF). This pathogen was isolated repeatedly from wild rodents in April 2015, 2016, and 2017, in June and November 2020, and in April 2021, which was 6 of 19 times of observations. All Y. enterocolitica O8 isolates showed the same PFGE patterns. These results indicated that the same clone of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica O8 has been maintained in wild rodent populations in Fukushima Prefecture. Therefore, wild rodent populations contribute substantially to the continuous transmission of Y. enterocolitica O8 and its persistence in the ecosystem. This is the first report on the isolation of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica O8 in wild rodents in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.