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101.
Hideki TAKAHASHI Mitsuhiro SUGIYAMA SUKAMTO Akira KARASAWA Shuu HASE Yoshio EHARA 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2000,66(4):335-344
A variant of Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV(Y/GM2), was isolated from a tobacco plant with mild green mosaic symptoms that was regenerated in vitro from a yellow strain of CMV [CMV(Y)]-infected tobacco leaves by tissue culture. CMV(Y/GM2) has two amino acid substitutions
at 36 and 111 positions in the coat protein encoded on RNA3. CMV, assembled by mixing in vitro transcribed CMV(Y) RNA1 and RNA2 plus infectious RNA3 transcribed in vitro from cDNA to RNA3 of CMV(Y/GM2), was prepared and designated as CMV(Y/GM2)tr. When tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc) plants were inoculated with CMV(Y/GM2)tr, large necrotic local lesions in which the virus was localized, developed
on the inoculated leaves. This host response unique to CMV(Y/GM2)tr was similar to the hypersensitive response (HR), which
is a common resistance response to avirulent pathogens and was observed in five cultivars of Nicotiana tabacum and eight Nicotiana species. The revertant virus, however, accumulated to quite different levels in the various hosts. CMV(Y/GM2)tr induced pathogenesis-related
1 (PR-1) protein accumulation and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) which were generally observed in the HR. However, when
tobaccos were inoculated with CMV(S36P)tr and CMV(V111I)tr, which have an amino acid substitution at either the 36 or 111
position in the coat protein of CMV(Y), respectively, CMV(S36P)tr was restricted to the primary infection site without necrotic
local lesion formation and PR-1 protein and SAR induction. CMV(V111I)tr, however, systemically spread and induced mild green
mosaic symptoms, while the host had the HR to CMV(Y/GM2)tr. The localization of CMV(Y/GM2)tr at the primary infection site
may not only be caused by the HR, but also by the restriction of virus systemic movement resulting from the amino acid substitution
at position 36 in the coat protein of CMV(Y).
Received 15 December 1999/ Accepted in revised form 18 April 2000 相似文献
102.
103.
Food colorants including rose bengal, erythrosine B, phloxine B and cochineal extracts were added to Alaska pollack Theragra chalcogramma surimi which was previously added with methyl linoleate (MeLe) or ethyl eicosapentaenoate (EPA Et). All the surimi were exposed
to a 100-watt light tungsten bulb (4500 lux) in a cold room at 5°C. Four isomeric hydroperoxides, including 13-cis, trans-, 13-trans, trans-, 9-trans,cis- and 9-trans,trans-MeLe hydroperoxides, were generated by oxidation of MeLe added to surimi with and without cochineal extracts after exposure
to light for several hours. For the surimi containing rose bengal, erythrosine B and phloxine B, extracted lipids contained
not only the above four hydroperoxide isomers but also 12-cis,trans-as well as 10-trans,cis- MeLe hydroperoxides. EPA Et added to surimi which contained rose bengal, erythrosine B and phloxine B generated characteristic
isomeric hydroperoxides, including 6-cis,trans- and 17-cis,trans-EPA Et hydroperoxides due to 1O2 mediated oxidation. The pro-oxidative potentials of four food colorants in surimi against added EPA Et or MeLe increased
as the order of cochineal extracts < phloxine B<erythrosine B<rose bengal. These results clearly demonstrated that the addition
of certain food colorants to surimi accelerated 1O2 mediated lipid oxidation to result in the generation of characteristic hydroperoxide isomers. 相似文献
104.
Endo H Sasaki M Narushima E Komiya T Hayashida A Hayashi Y Stafford BJ 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2003,65(8):839-843
The extensor and flexor group muscles and their related muscles were functional-morphologically observed in the dead body of the giant panda to clarify the action of the forearm and the palm in the manipulation of the species. The Musculus flexor carpi ulnaris had two developed heads, however, we can conclude that the contraction of this muscle slightly changes the angle of the accessory carpal bone to the ulna. The data pointed out that the accessory carpal bone acts as a supporting post, when the giant panda seizes the object. The M. abductor digiti I longus possessed the well-developed origin in both ulna and radius. These findings suggest that this muscle may function as a supinator of the forearm. We also suggest that the well-developed M. pronator quadratus and M. pronator teres, and the proximal part of the M. abductor digiti I longus and the M. supinator may efficiently contribute to the pronator-spinator action of the forearm, when the giant panda brings the food to its mouth using the manipulation system equipped in the palm region. 相似文献
105.
106.
Sheauchi Cheng Yukio Hiwatashi Hideki Imai Mitsuru Naito Tatsuka Numata 《Journal of Forest Research》1998,3(4):199-204
The major causes of deforestation and degradation of natural resources in the Belete-Gera Forest of Ethiopia are coffee production
activities and encroachment into forestland to expand farmland and pasture. Population growth, and the government’s land-reform
and re-settlement programs have caused local residents to lose harmony with the land. Forest management in this area hasn’t
yet been fully developed. The objectives of this study are to identify the extent of deforestation and natural resource degradation,
in preparation for a sound management plan. Encroachment of farmland and pasture into natural forest during the past four
years has been identified through interviews and aerial photo interpretation. The encroachment rate is 1.45% per year. Encroachment
occurred mostly on areas with gentle slopes adjacent to populated villages and along roads and footpaths. The extent and impact
of coffee production activities were examined through agency documents, forest survey data and vegetation survey. It is estimated
that up to 49% of the accessible natural forest is under the influence of coffee production activities, among which collecting
of naturally grown coffee beans has the least and the coffee plantations has the most impact on the natural forest. Coffee
plantations in natural forest have reduced the forest density and species diversity. Age structure of the trees is limited
to mature and old classes only, which eventually endangers their function as shade for coffee plantations.
This project was funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency. 相似文献
107.
Masatomi HOSOI Shoko HOSOI-TANABE Hideki SAWADA Masahiro UENO Haruhiko TOYOHARA Isao HAYASHI 《Fisheries Science》2004,70(4):629-637
ABSTRACT: One of the biggest and long-standing difficulties in investigation of larval ecology in the field is species-level identification. In the present study, we developed polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis based on the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene (rDNA) D1/D2/D3 region for identification of multiple species of bivalve larvae using 14 species of bivalve collected from Maizuru Bay. The LSU rDNA D1/D2/D3 region of all analyzed species could be amplified by PCR using bvD1f/bvD3r primers, and RFLP analysis by Hae III digestion on the PCR products showed species-specific fragment patterns. Furthermore, this analysis applied to single bivalve larvae in Maizuru Bay revealed efficient amplification of the target region and the species-specific pattern from 80% of the larvae, 75% of which showed a pattern that matched a certain pattern of the adult bivalves. In addition, the analysis of inter- and intraspecies variation of the LSU rDNA D1/D2/D3 region using the sequence data of the genus Crassostrea from the DDBJ database showed high applicability of this RFLP analysis on closely related species. Because of the wide applicability and technical simplicity, this method can become the standard for the identification of bivalve larvae species once the sequence data of the LSU rDNA D1/D2/D3 region of many bivalve species have been accumulated. 相似文献
108.
Takahashi H Ishihara T Hase S Chiba A Nakaho K Arie T Teraoka T Iwata M Tugane T Shibata D Takenaka S 《Phytopathology》2006,96(8):908-916
ABSTRACT The biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum produces glycoprotein elicitor in the cell wall fraction, designated CWP, and induces resistance to a broad range of pathogens. To understand the mechanism of CWP-induced resistance to pathogens, gene expression at the early stage of CWP treatment in tomato roots was analyzed using a cDNA array. At 4 h after CWP treatment, 144 genes were up-regulated and 99 genes were down-regulated. In the 144 up-regulated genes, nine genes exhibited about eightfold increased expression. Analysis of the response of these nine genes to three commercial plant activators indicated that a high level of one gene, beta-cyanoalanine synthase gene (LeCAS) encoding hydrogen cyanide (HCN) detoxification enzyme, was stably induced in tomato roots by such treatment. However, expression of LeCAS was not significantly induced in tomato roots at 4 h by abiotic stresses, whereas only a very low level of induction of such expression by cold stress was observed. This LeCAS expression was also induced after exogenous treatment with a low level of 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylate as the precursor of ethylene, but not with either salicylic acid or methyl jas-monate. The induction of LeCAS expression in CWP-treated and plant activator-treated roots is likely to be caused by the detoxification of HCN during ethylene production. Transient activation of LeCAS expression caused by ethylene production in tomato roots may be a general phenomenon in fungal elicitor-induced and synthetic plant activator-induced resistance. LeCAS seems to be useful for screening possible novel plant activators for plant protection against pathogens. 相似文献
109.